1066 - Andrew Bridgeford [139]
13 Ibid., p. 183.
15 Count Eustace and the Death of King Harold
1 Stothard, 'Some Observations'.
2 For example, Grape, Bayeux Tapestry, p. 23; discussed in Bridgeford, 'Was Count Eustace the Patron?' pp. 180ff.
3 The earliest reference to Count Eustace's whiskers I have found comes from the late twelfth century: Lambert of Ardres, History, p. 142, refers to Eustace II as 'Eustace the Whiskered of Boulogne'. Late as this is, there seems no reason seriously to doubt the historicity of the name. My statement in Bridgeford, 'Was Count Eustace the Patron?', that the nickname is found in the Old French Crusade Cycle appears to be incorrect.
4 Although omitted in print in Montfaucon's book, the moustache properly appears in Benoît's original drawing. This was shown by Dr David Hill at the conference on the Bayeux Tapestry in October 1999 at Cerisy-la-Salle. The theory that the moustache is a later 'improvement' by nineteenth-century repairers is, therefore, wrong.
5 Carmen, pp. 31-2.
6 Eustace's banner is sometimes said to be the papal banner given by Pope Alexander II to Duke William's expedition. Other sources, however, say that this was borne by one Thurstan, son of Rollo: Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 172. Nor has it been conclusively identified as an emblem of Boulogne.
7 Platts, Origins of Heraldry, p. 41.
8 The identification of the other three apart from Eustace is not entirely certain. The interpretation here follows Carmen, introduction by Barlow, p. lxxxii, where the issue is fully discussed.
9 Carmen, p. 32.
16 Eustace and the Attack on Dover
1 William of Jumieges, Gesta Normannorum, pp. 177-9; William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, pp. 183-5; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, II, pp. 205-7.
2 For both suggestions, Tanner, 'Counts of Boulogne', pp. 272-4.
3 Ibid., p. 266.
4 Barlow, Edward the Confessor, pp. 307ff.
5 The date of the reconciliation is often given as 1077 on the basis that William of Poitiers implies that it had taken place not long before he was writing and he may possibly have completed his work after 13 September 1077. However, the date of William's Gesta Guillelmi is subject to conflicting evidence and may well be earlier; see William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, introduction, p. xx. Thus Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 308, suggests a date for the reconciliation of shortly before 1074.
17 The Downfall of Bishop Odo
1 On Odo, Bates, 'The Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux'; Bernstein, Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry, pp. 31ff.
2 F. du Boulay, quoted in Bernstein, Mystery of the Bayeux Tapestry, p. 32.
3 The start date for the list was 1066, presumably reflecting the curiously common assumption that English history only begins in 1066. It should have been possible to include some Anglo-Saxon fortunes on the basis of Domesday evidence alone.
4 Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, II, p. 203.
5 Ibid., II, p. 265.
6 Ibid., IV, p. 117.
7 Bates, 'The Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux', p. 12.
8 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, p. 507.
9 Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, IV, pp. 40-44; William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, p. 277; Hyde Chronicle, p. 296.
10 Wace, Roman de Rou, III, lines 9185ff.
11 Harold's brother Wulfnoth was taken by William Rufus to England but placed under restraint in Winchester.
12 Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, IV, p. 99.
13 Bates, 'The Character and Career of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux'.
14 See Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, IV, p. 189.
15 Ibid., IV, p. 129.
16 Ibid., IV, 133ff.
17 With only one exception, the sheer anomaly of Eustace's appearance has simply not been noticed in studies of the Bayeux Tapestry. Only one attempt has been made to address the point: Shirley A. Brown, 'Why Eustace, Odo and William?' Brown suggested that Odo commissioned the tapestry after his fall-out with William and that the purpose of highlighting Eustace, already forgiven for his revolt, was to encourage William to forgive Odo as well. On balance