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flooding and

“heirloom”

Richmond, Virginia

Riley, Charles Valentine

Rio de Janeiro, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1

Rio de la Plata

Rio Grande, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1

Riou, Edouard

Ristaino, Jean

Rizal, José

Roanoke Island, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

Robinson, James A., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

Rodríguez, Manel Ollé

Rolfe, John, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

Room of Miarcles

Roots (TV miniseries)

Rosario Costa Cabral, Maria do, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1

Rountree, Helen, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

Rowsley, William

Royal Botanic Gardens

Royal Geographical Society, 7.1, 7.2

Royal Spanish Academy, 3.1, 3.2

rubber, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

balls made of, 7.1, 7.2

boom in, 7.1, 7.2

boots made from

chemistry of

control of trade in

ecological impact of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

electrification and

garments made with

Indian laborers and

labor for

in Laos

primary source of natural

production of, 7.1, 7.2

synthetic vs. natural

ubiquitousness of

vulcanization of, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

see also Brazil, caucho, China, leaf blight, Pará rubber tree

“rubber fever”

rubber plantations, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

rubber trees

difference between Hevea and Castilla species

milking of

overexploitation of

Ruddiman, William F., 1.1, 10.1

rum

Russia

Saarinen, Eliel

sago

St. Augustine

St. James

St. Kitts

Salazar, Domingo de

Salcedo, Juan de

Salé

Salem, Mass.

Salmon, William

salt poisoning, 2.1, 3.1

Salvador (Salvador de Bahia), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1

Salvatierra de la Sabana

Sami (Finnish group)

Sampzon, Esteban

samurai

Sandys, George, 2.1, 2.2

San Francisco Javier

Sangley Point

San José (Chile)

San Lorenzo de los Negros

San Miguel de Gauldape

Santa María

Santa María la Antigua del Darién, 9.1, 9.2

Santana, Christian de Jesus

Santarém, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Santería

Santiago (Chile)

Santo Antônio (Brazil), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

Santo Domingo, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2

Santos, Roberto

São Paulo

São Tomé (St. Thomas) and Príncipe, 8.1, 8.2

Saramaka (maroon group)

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro

Savannah River

Saxony

scale insects, 1.1, 1.2, 10.1

Scandinavia

Scholtz, Waldemar

Scholtz & Co.

Schumpeter, Joseph

Schweninger, Loren

Scotland, 3.1, 3.2

Scott, James

scurvy

secondary pests

seigneury

Seminole (Indian group), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

maroon alliance with

slaves of

wars of, 9.1, 10.1

Senegal

Sephardic Jews

Serra da Barriga, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

Sessions, Scott, 3.1, 3.2

Seven Cities of Gold

Seven Years’ War

Seville, 7.1, 9.1

sexual reproduction

Shaanxi (China), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4

shack people (pengmin), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 10.1

see also Hakka

Shao Pian

Shapiro, Judith

sharecroppers

sheep, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

Shi, Weiyi, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

shigellosis

shrimp, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

Sichuan (China), 5.1, 5.2

Sicily

sickle-cell anemia

“Sickness, Starvation, and Death in Early Hispaniola”

Sierra Leone

Siete Partidas, 8.1, 8.2

silicosis

silk, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1

import quotas on, 4.1, 4.2

Silk Road

silkworms, 2.1, 4.1

silt grains

silver, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

China and, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1

production of, 1.1, 4.1

shipping of

smuggling of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2

see also galleon trade

silver fox

silver pesos, 4.1, 4.2

Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research

Sinbad the Sailor

Singapore

Sir Francis Drake Revived (Nichols)

Slack, Edward R., 8.1, 8.2, 8.3

slash-and-burn

slash pine

slaves, slavery, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

African-Indian alliances and

in Africa vs. Europe

Asian

chattel, 3.1, 9.1

cheap land as inducement to

cost of, 3.1, 10.1

death rates

encomienda system and, 8.1

exchange of guns for

as foundational institution

fugitive, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

fugitive communities of, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3

galley

as hard to control, 8.1, 9.1