1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [233]
28. David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York, 1976), p. 522; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861 (New York, 2007), p. 82.
29. Stampp, And the War Came, pp. 129–30.
30. This was, admittedly, not too different from the tone of Congress during the entire 1859–61 session. When the Japanese envoys sat in the spectators’ gallery in the summer of 1860, they understood little if anything of the debates, but were impressed by all the shouting and gesticulation. One of them compared it in his diary to the Edo fish market.
31. Klein, Days of Defiance, p. 127; Congressional Globe, 36th Congress, 2nd Session (hereafter CG), pp. 3–5; 11–12. Referring to Texas Governor Sam Houston, an outspoken foe of secession, Iverson threatened that “if he does not yield to public sentiment, perhaps some Texan Brutus will arise to rid his country of the hoary-headed incubus that stands between the people and their sovereign will.”
32. Russell, My Diary, pp. 106–7.
33. Alvy L. King, Louis T. Wigfall: Southern Fire-Eater (Baton Rouge, 1970), p. 102.
34. CG, pp. 112–14; Kirwan, John J. Crittenden, p. 377.
35. CG, pp. 115–20; New York Herald, Dec. 19, 1860.
36. David Detzer, Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War (New York, 2001), p. 28.
37. The flag from St. Louis was inscribed with the motto “We love the North; we love the East; we love the West; we love the South intensely.” Coleman, The Life of John J. Crittenden, vol. 2, pp. 240ff.; Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, vol. 4, Prologue to Civil War (New York, 1947), pp. 392–93; Kirwan, John J. Crittenden, pp. 402–03; David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis, 2nd ed. (Baton Rouge, 1995), p. 198; Samuel Eliot Morison, “The Peace Convention of February, 1861,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 73 (1961), p. 60.
38. Stampp, And the War Came, pp. 124–25; Philip S. Foner, Business & Slavery: The New York Merchants & the Irrepressible Conflict (Chapel Hill, 1941), pp. 215–16.
39. Foner, Business & Slavery, p. 208, quoting New York Times, Dec. 3, 1860, and New-York Tribune, Jan. 9, 1861.
40. Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 4, 1861; Boston Daily Advertiser, Jan. 19, 1861; Foner, Business & Slavery, p. 266, quoting Journal of Commerce, Feb. 6, 1861.
41. Stampp, And the War Came, p. 95; Henry Adams, The Great Secession Winter of 1860–61, and Other Essays (New York, 1958), p. 7. Adams was in the capital serving as secretary to his father, Rep. Charles Francis Adams, a Republican moderate.
42. Theodore Roosevelt, New York: A Sketch of the City’s Social, Political, and Commercial Progress from the First Dutch Settlement to Recent Times (New York, 1906), p. 246; Foner, Business & Slavery, pp. 286–87, quoting American Railway Review, vol. 3, p. 345.
43. New York Times, Jan. 22, 1861; Wendell Phillips, Disunion: Two Discourses at the Music Hall, on January 20th, and February 17th, 1861 (Boston, 1861), pp. 3, 25; New York Herald, Jan. 26, 1861; Boston Daily Advertiser, Jan. 25, 1861; Philadelphia Public Ledger, Jan. 26, 1861. “Carve him out,” as a nineteenth-century colloquialism, meant something like “carve him up” or “cut his guts out.” Phillips himself may not have helped matters when he mocked the hecklers from onstage in terms that cast some doubt on his egalitarian principles: “I guess the Irish boys here will earn their holiday pretty well. Perhaps they are glad to be excused from sweeping out their masters’ shops to come here and halloo.” (New York Herald.)
44. New York Herald, Jan. 10, 1861; Evening Patriot [Madison, Wisc.], Jan. 31, 1861; Coleman, The Life of John J. Crittenden, p. 237.
45. King, Louis T. Wigfall, p. 104.
46. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., The Diary of George Templeton Strong: The Civil War, 1860–1865 (New York, 1952), p. 91.
47. Thomas Ricaud Martin, ed., The Great Parliamentary