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38. SWC to A. J. Crawford, Apr. 9, 1861, SWC Papers.
39. SWC Diary, Apr. 9, 1861; OR I, vol. 1, p. 235.
40. Elizabeth Todd Grimsley, “Six Months in the White House,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 19, nos. 3–4 (Oct. 1926–Jan. 1927), p. 50; William Howard Russell, My Diary, pp. 41–45; William Seale, The President’s House: A History, 2nd ed. (Baltimore, 2008), vol. 1, pp. 356–58; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 (New York, 1941), pp. 51–52; William Seale, The White House: The History of an American Idea (Washington, D.C., 1992), p. 108.
41. Russell, My Diary, pp. 42–44. The full story of what happened that evening between Lincoln and Scott was carefully reconstructed for the first time by Russell McClintock in Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2008), chap. 9.
42. Erasmus Darwin Keyes, Fifty Years’ Observations of Events, Civil and Military (New York, 1884), pp. 377–79; McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, pp. 201–03, 212; John S. D. Eisenhower, Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott (New York, 1997), pp. 358–60.
43. McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, pp. 205–19; David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis 1848–1861 (New York, 1976), pp. 572–75.
44. Eisenhower, Agent of Destiny, p. 360; McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, pp. 229–30; OR I, vol. 1, 201–02.
45. McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, p. 230; Wendy Wolff, ed., A Capitol Builder: The Shorthand Diaries of Montgomery C. Meigs, 1853–1859, 1861 (Washington, D.C., 2001), p. 776.
46. Scott had been close to Anderson for at least twenty years. In 1842, he stood in for Anderson’s father-in-law by giving away the bride at Anderson’s wedding to Eba Clinch. Detzer, Allegiance, p. 24.
47. McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, pp. 229–30; Keyes, Fifty Years’ Observations, p. 378.
48. Russell, My Diary, p. 43.
49. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2, pp. 108–09.
50. Potter, The Impending Crisis, pp. 571–72; Wisconsin Daily Patriot, Mar. 21, 1861; The Argus (Easton, Pa.), n.d., quoted in Macon Daily Telegraph [Georgia], Apr. 1, 1861.
51. McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, p. 222.
52. Crawford, History of the Fall, pp. 248–49, 369–73; Detzer, Allegiance, pp. 226–29; OR I, vol. 1, 211, Robert Means Thompson and Richard Wainwright, eds., Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox (Freeport, N.Y., 1972), vol. 1, pp. 3ff.
53. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York, 1891), vol. 3, p. 443.
54. McClintock, Lincoln and the Decision, pp. 231–33.
55. Fox was, in fact, not as inept as his role in the Sumter crisis made him seem. He later served ably as Lincoln’s assistant secretary of the navy. And, though his Sumter plan may have been misconceived, he would prove remarkably clear-sighted at least once in his life. In 1882, Fox, an avid amateur historian, undertook to locate the long-disputed landing point of Christopher Columbus in the New World, finally deciding on Samana Cay, an uninhabited islet in the Bahamas. Fox’s theory was almost wholly ignored for more than a century, but in 1986, a National Geographic study found he was correct, and Samana Cay is now accepted by many historians as the site of Columbus’s landfall.
56. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2, pp. 108–09.
57. See Shenk, Lincoln’s Melancholy.
58. Blair to AL, Mar. 15, 1861, in AL Papers; Blair to Fox, Jan. 31, 1861, in Thompson and Wainwright, eds., Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Vasa Fox, vol. 1, p. 4.
59. Welles to AL, Mar. 29, 1861, in AL Papers; Chase to AL, Mar. 15, 1861, and “Salmon P. Chase, Opinion on Fort Sumter, March 29, 1861,” both in AL Papers.
60. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York, 1890), vol. 3, pp. 443–49; Seward to AL, Apr. 1, 1861, AL Papers.
61. Patrick Sowle, “A Reappraisal of Seward’s Memorandum of April 1, 1861, to Lincoln,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 33, no. 2 (May 1967), pp. 234–39; Klein, Days of Defiance, pp. 362