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• Classic-Fiction

(B) resolution of the Oedipal complex resulting in identification with the same-sex parent

(C) observation and imitation of significant role models

(D) consistent reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviors and punishment of gender-inappropriate behaviors

(E) labeling of a child as a boy or a girl

82. Aisha is a beautiful, black teenager. If she is typical, she most likely believes that

(A) white teenagers are superior to black teenagers

(B) Asian teenagers are superior to black teenagers

(C) Hispanic teenagers are superior to black teenagers

(D) Hispanic teenagers are superior to Asian teenagers

(E) black teenagers are superior to white teenagers

83. The position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends on the frequency of a tone, according to which theory?

(A) opponent-process

(B) trichromatic

(C) place

(D) volley

(E) frequency

84. Lev Vygotsky’s approach to the study of cognitive development was

(A) psychodynamic

(B) behavioral

(C) biological

(D) sociocultural

(E) evolutionary

85. The left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for which of the following functions?

(A) verbal, mathematical, and recognizing emotional expressions

(B) mathematical, spatial, and musical

(C) verbal, analytic, and mathematical

(D) mathematical, spatial, and analytic

(E) spatial, musical, and identifying faces

86. The contingency model explains classical conditioning from which of the following perspectives?

(A) behavioral

(B) psychoanalytic

(C) cognitive

(D) humanistic

(E) biomedical

87. All people have essentially the same set of traits, differing only in terms of the extent to which they show each trait, according to which of the following personality theories?

(A) nomothetic

(B) idiographic

(C) Freudian

(D) somatotype

(E) biological

88. After Tamika complained to her mother about how little she has, Tamika and her mother went to a soup kitchen to volunteer to serve dinner to the homeless. After serving 120 dinners, Tamika told her mother how happy she is that they can afford to buy delicious foods she loves. Tamika’s increased perception that she is happy is best explained by applying which of the following theories?

(A) relative deprivation

(B) adaptation-level

(C) Yerkes-Dodson arousal

(D) diathesis-stress

(E) attribution

89. Standardized tests are

(A) any examination given by your state or country

(B) all examinations with exactly the same directions

(C) tests with norms, which indicate average, high, and low scores for the test

(D) tests that are given year after year without being released or returned

(E) tests for which a person’s performance can be compared with a pilot group

90. The most common somatic nervous system neurotransmitter to cause muscle contractions is

(A) acetylcholine

(B) dopamine

(C) endorphins

(D) epinephrine

(E) GABA

91. The rooting reflex is characterized by neonates

(A) turning their heads toward stimuli when touched on their cheeks

(B) withdrawing from painful stimuli

(C) drawing up legs and arching their backs in response to sudden noises

(D) grasping objects that press against their palms

(E) fanning their toes when their soles are stimulated

92. Which coefficient indicates the strongest correlation?

(A) −1.00

(B) −.33

(C) 0.00

(D) +.50

(E) +.89

93. According to gate-control theory, which condition tends to close the gate?

(A) anxiety

(B) depression

(C) focusing on the pain

(D) electrical stimulation

(E) insomnia

94. People generally send higher contributions to charities when check-off boxes on the response card the charity sends to donors suggest $25, $35, $50, other; rather than $10, $15, $25, other. This illustrates the

(A) anchoring effect

(B) availability heuristic

(C) representativeness heuristic

(D) mental set

(E) serial position effect

95. Mechanical energy is transduced to electrochemical energy by

(A) glandular effectors