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agreements from all participants. These statements describe procedures, risks, benefits, and the right of the participant not to participate or to withdraw from the research study without penalty at any time. Research participants cannot be deceived about significant aspects that would affect their willingness to participate. After the participant finishes his or her part or research is completed, participants are debriefed about the research (i.e., the nature, results, and conclusions of the research are revealed).

Psychologists who conduct research involving other animals must treat them humanely; acquire, care for, use and dispose of animals properly; and make efforts to minimize their discomfort, infection, illness, and pain.

Review Questions

Directions: For each question, choose the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena are

(A) independent variables

(B) dependent variables

(C) hypotheses

(D) theories

(E) statistics

Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 2 and 3: Students will be able to read a statement printed in the Comic Sans font faster than the same statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font.

2. This statement is a(n)

(A) hypothesis

(B) theory

(C) replication

(D) operational definition

(E) correlation

3. The dependent variable in an experiment based on the statement would be

(A) the statement written in the Comic Sans font

(B) the statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font

(C) the length of time it takes students to read the statements

(D) the students who read the statements written in the Comic Sans font

(E) the number of students who participate in the experiment

4. A quasi-experiment cannot be considered a controlled experiment because

(A) subjects cannot be randomly selected

(B) subjects cannot be randomly assigned

(C) experimenter bias is unavoidable

(D) demand characteristics are unavoidable

(E) too few subjects participate in the procedure

Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 5 and 6: When subjects in the experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously winced. The experimenter did not wince when subjects in the control group put a piece in the wrong place.

5. The wincing of the experimenter must be eliminated because it is

(A) fraudulent

(B) a demand characteristic

(C) a placebo effect

(D) a confabulation

(E) a confounding variable

6. One method to eliminate the wincing of the experimenter is by instituting

(A) the experimenter expectancy effect

(B) the single-blind procedure

(C) the double-blind procedure

(D) the placebo effect

(E) counterbalancing

7. Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusually complex or rare phenomena?

(A) controlled experiment

(B) quasi-experiment

(C) test

(D) survey

(E) case study

8. Of the following, which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political party membership and attitude toward the death penalty?

(A) controlled experiment

(B) quasi-experiment

(C) test

(D) survey

(E) case study

9. Of the following, the strongest positive correlation would most likely be shown between

(A) an adult’s weight and running speed

(B) close friendships and happiness

(C) sense of humor and years of education

(D) poverty and good health

(E) visual acuity and salary

10. John wants to study the effects of alcohol on the behavior of college students. For his study, he spends 5 hours every night for 2 weeks at a bar near a college watching how the patrons act before and after drinking alcoholic beverages. The research method John is employing is a

(A) controlled experiment

(B) quasi-experiment

(C) test

(D) naturalistic observation

(E) case study

11. Of the following, which can establish a cause and effect relationship?

I. controlled experiment