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this to the strong evolutionary history of the animals that overrode conditioning. They called this instinctive drift—a conditioned response that drifts back toward the natural (instinctive) behavior of the organism. Wild animal trainers must stay vigilant even after training their animals because they may revert to dangerous behaviors.

Review Questions

Directions: For each item, choose the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)

(A) unconditioned stimulus

(B) neutral stimulus

(C) conditioned stimulus

(D) unconditioned response

(E) conditioned response

2. Shaping is

(A) a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed

(B) rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior

(C) completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given

(D) giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots

(E) inhibition of new learning by previous learning

3. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?

(A) continuous reinforcement

(B) fixed ratio

(C) fixed interval

(D) variable ratio

(E) variable interval

4. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as

(A) primary reinforcers

(B) classical conditioning

(C) secondary reinforcers

(D) negative reinforcers

(E) unconditioned reinforcers

5. Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?

(A) Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling.

(B) Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework.

(C) Greg changes his math class so he doesn’t have to see his old girlfriend.

(D) Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class.

(E) Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards.

6. Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in explaining that

(A) some conditioned stimuli do not generalize

(B) human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning

(C) drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning

(D) small children are not as easily conditioned as older children

(E) fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered

7. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend’s house. He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms?

(A) pizza

(B) stomach virus

(C) mushrooms

(D) headache

(E) aversion to mushrooms

8. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely

(A) be motivated to seek comfort from you

(B) experience learned helplessness

(C) model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it

(D) seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation

(E) engage in random behaviors until one is successful in removing the stimulus

9. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an example of

(A) insight

(B) backward conditioning

(C) latent learning

(D) discrimination

(E) the Premack Principle

10. If the trainer conditions the pigeon to peck at a red circle and then only gives him a reward if he pecks at the green circle when both a red and green circle appear, the pigeon is demonstrating

(A) matching-to-sample generalization

(B) abstract learning

(C) intrinsic motivation

(D) insight

(E) modeling

11. Latent learning is best described by which of the following?

(A) innate