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33. In general, he was in “poor health”: Chicago Tribune, 18 August 1884. Interview with Robert Hovenden.

35. “Well, Cleve, I have been offered: Lynch, 48.

36. “Grover! Do you realize we have by now ‘anticipated,’” Saturday Evening Post, “Grover Cleveland’s Career in Buffalo, 1855–1885, 28 August 1920. Lyman Bass’s background is from Henry Perry Smith, History of the City of Buffalo and Erie County: 1620–1884, vol. 1 (Syracuse, New York, D. Mason & Co.), 481.

36. Bass’s electoral strength lay in the towns: Nevins, 53.

37. A favorite was, “There’s a hole in the bottom of the sea,” ibid, 57;

37. “hammer and tongs,” Lynch, 51.

38. “Boas used to say he preferred to have his patrons. Armitage, 67.

38. forced to “lose a day,” Lynch, 48.

38. It was the dawning of the Age of the Bachelor: Howard P. Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 35. Author’s note: Chudacoff’s book offers an excellent analysis of the era.

39. “How doth the little busy B”: GC to Mary Cleveland Hoyt, 14 February 1856, Nevins, Letters, 7–8.

40. “Let’s dance the step-over,” Armitage, 35.

40. “queer people”: Nevins, 55–56.

41. “They needed it, too,” Level said. Armitage, 24.

41. “lock, stock or barrel,” ibid, 27.

42. My Dear Mr. Townsend: GC to Ingham Townsend, 23 January 1867, Nevins, Letters, 10.

42. “As thy days are, so shall thy strength be,” Nevins, 56.

43. “livery-stable set,” ibid. 58.

44. “sink of iniquity,” ibid, 59.

47. “Can’t do it, Louis” Lynch, 58–61.

48. Patrick Morrissey was short, about five-four: Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, 6 September 1872.

51. “No, I have to do it myself. I am the sheriff,” Lynch, 65.

53. “I do not know how it is, but I have an impression: the story is recounted by Colonel William C. Church in The Century magazine, undated,“Midwinter Resort.”

56. an “estimable lady”: Utica Morning Herald, 4 November 1872.

56. “a servant of Mr. Cleveland, the lessee of the R.V. Hotel, New York Times, 23 November 1872.

57. “When the boats were filled there was no room for them: Augustine Barnum, The Lives of Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks: Democratic Presidential Candidates of 1884 (Chicago: A. G. Nettleton & Co., 1884), 186.

3. MARIA

60. Alexander Stewart’s showcase: Ray Broadus Browne and Lawrence A. Kreiser, The Civil War and Reconstruction (Oxford: Greenwood Press, 2003), 59–60.

61. “remarkable beauty and rare accomplishments”: Buffalo Evening Telegraph, interview with Maria Baker, 21 July 1884.

62. “pure and spotless,” Maria Halpin affidavit (hereafter Halpin Affidavit), 28 October 1884, signed by Maria Halpin, notarized by Charles G. Banks.

64. “unbelievable and monstrous,” Jack London, The Road (New York: Macmillan Company, 1907), 97.

64. Disease was omnipresent: Smith, 275. For the depiction of Buffalo in the 1880s the author is also indebted to Michael N. Vogel, Ed Patton and Paul Redding, America’s Crossroads: Buffalo’s Canal Street (Buffalo: Western New York Heritage Institute, Canisius College, 1993), 65–68; and Marvin Rapp, The Port of Buffalo (unpublished doctoral thesis, Duke University, 1947.)

65. “What shall be done with these poor creatures,” Mark Goldman, High Hopes: The Rise and Decline of Buffalo, New York (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 83. Author’s note: Goldman’s book offers an excellent account of Buffalo’s history.

67. Buffalo was the preeminent inland port: Goldman, 121.

68. The busiest time of day at Flint & Kent: Flint & Kent records, Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society archives, MSS A. 70–62.

68. “proper hours,” Buffalo Times, 1 November 1932.

68. The founding partner, William Flint: Buffalo Courier, 12 November 1887.

69. “Send them to Barnum’s,” Buffalo Times, 1 November 1932.

70. “He sought my acquaintance: Halpin Affidavit.

71. “John Gaffney, stand up”: Buffalo Evening Times, 15 February 1873; Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, 14 February 1873.

4. WITHOUT MY CONSENT

75. “Grover told me that night that,” Armitage, 58; Nevins, 64.

76. The