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1953.

——. Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. England, 1970.

Spinka, Matthew. John Hus: A Biography. Princeton, 1968.

Stanley, Henry Edway John of Alderley, Lord, ed. The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan. London, 1874.

——. The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama. New York, 1963.

Stephen, Sir Leslie, and Sir Sidney Lee. The Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 1917–.

Strauss, D. F. Ulrich von Hutten. London, 1874.

Symonds, J. A. The Catholic Reaction. 2 vols. London, 1914.

Taylor, Henry Osborne. The Mediaeval Mind: A History of the Development of Thought and Emotion in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. 4th ed. Cambridge, Mass., 1959.

Todd, John M. The Reformation. New York, 1971.

Trager, James, ed. The People’s Chronology. New York, 1979.

Trevelyan, George M. English Social History. London, 1947.

True, G. Rome et les Borgias. Paris, 1939.

Tuchman, Barbara W. The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York, 1984.

Turner, E. S. History of Courting. New York, 1955.

Tyler, Royall. The Emperor Charles V. Princeton, 1956.

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Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London, 1948.

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Woodward, W. H. Cesare Borgia. London, 1913.

Wright, Thomas. History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England During the Middle Ages. London, 1862.

Yriarte, Charles. César Borgia. Paris, 1889.

Zeeden, E. W. Luther und die Reformation. 2 vols. Freiburg, Germany, 1950–52.

Zweig, Stefan. Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan. Trans. Eden and Cedar Paul. New York, 1938.

CHRONOLOGY

A.D. 410

Visigoths sack Rome

426

St. Augustine’s De civitate Dei

476

Fall of Rome, end of Western Roman Empire

493

Barbarian Clovis accepts Christ

539

Arthur of Britain slain

800

Charlemagne crowned in St. Peter’s

A.D. 1000

Leif Erikson reaches America

1100

200 years of crusades begin

1123

Future priests must be celibates

1215

Medieval papacy reaches culmination

1218–1224 Genghis Khan extends empire in west

1247

Robin Hood dies

1296

Marco Polo dictates memoirs

1347

First Black Death pandemic

1381

Oxford expels Wyclif

A.D. 1400

First stirrings of Renaissance

1414

Jan Hus betrayed

1433

Prince Henry the Navigator flourishes

1453

Constantinople falls

1458

Gutenberg’s Bible

1475

Birth of Cesare, Cardinal Borgia’s son

1477

Canterbury Tales

1478

Pope Sixtus IV conspires to slay Medicis during High Mass in Florence Cathedral

1480

Birth of Lucrezia, Cesare’s sister

1486

Dias rounds the tip of Africa

1484

Pied Piper murders 130 German children

1485

Le morte d’Arthur

1487

Torquemada named Grand Inquisitor Star Chamber in England

1488

King James III of Scotland murdered

1490

Savonarola’s first Bonfire of the Vanities

1492

Cardinal Borgia buys the papacy, becomes Pope Alexander VI

Columbus discovers the Bahamas

1495

Vatican revels with naked prostitutes

First syphilis outbreak