A World on Fire_ Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War - Amanda Foreman [454]
Notes
To read the comprehensive bibliography for A World on Fire, please visit www.amanda-foreman.com.
ABBREVIATIONS
BL British Library
BDOFA British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, ed. Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron Watt (Frederick, Md., 1986–)
MHS Massachusetts Historical Society
MPUS Message of the President of the United States, 37th Congress (Washington, D.C., 1862)
NARA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.
ORN Official Navy Records
OR Official Records
PRFA Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs Accompanying the Annual Message of the President of the United States
PRO Public Record Office
Prologue
1. Virginia Clay-Copton and Ada Sterling, A Belle of the Fifties: The Memoirs of Mrs. Clay of Alabama (New York, 1904), pp. 116, 118.
2. New York Times, February 19, 1859.
3. Mrs. Roger A. Pryor, Reminiscences of Peace and War (New York, 1905), p. 57.
4. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 367.
5. Lyons nevertheless understood the importance of providing excellent food and wine at the legation dinners. Hence the chef was from Paris and the wine from his own family cellars. Source: Brian Jenkins.
6. James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes (eds.), Private and Confidential: Letters from British Ministers in Washington to the Foreign Secretaries (Selinsgrove, Pa., 1993), p. 213, Lyons to Lord Malmesbury, April 12, 1859.
7. Raymond A. Jones, The British Diplomatic Service (London, 1983), p. 99.
8. Calvin D. Davis, “A British Diplomat and the American Civil War: Edward Malet in the United States,” South Atlantic Quarterly, 77/2 (1978), p.166.
9. 863,409 British and 1,611,304 Irish, PRO FO 115/394, f. 216. Two-thirds of these “British” expatriates were actually Irish immigrants, who harbored a visceral hatred toward the mother country. Nevertheless, they enjoyed the same protection by the British minister as the 98 Scots in Dakota, and the 23,848 Englishmen in Massachusetts. The Foreign Office had recognized that the legation’s staff of five was too small and the sixth attaché was on his way. Although the British government promulgated the official line of “once a Briton, always a Briton,” in practice, Lyons was not expected to take up the cases of naturalized British subjects.
10. H. C. Allen, Great Britain and the United States (New York, 1955), p. 361. In 1819, the foreign secretary, Lord Castlereagh, warned his new British minister, “The jealousies as yet imperfectly allayed inclines the Government of the United States to maintain … [to us] a tone of greater harshness than towards any other Government whatever. The American people are more easily excited against us and more disposed to strengthen the hands of their Ministers against us than against any other State.”
11. George Washburn Smalley, Anglo-American Memories (New York, 1912), p. 174.
12. Lord Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons: A Record of British Diplomacy, 2 vols. (London, 1914), vol. 2, p. 214.
13. John Evan (pseudonym of Evan John Simpson), Atlantic Impact (London, 1952), p. 210. This oft-repeated description of Lyons may possibly be apocryphal but the spirit of the story remains true.
14. The admiral became his son’s champion: “Had it not been for your visit to England at the critical moment,” he wrote to his father from his new post in Florence, “I should now have been no more than simple Secretary of Legation.” Newton (ed.), Lord Lyons, vol. 1, p. 7.
15. Scott Thomas Cairns, “Lord Lyons and Anglo-American Diplomacy During the American Civil War,” Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 2004, p. 58.
16. As quoted in Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the