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84. Berwanger, The British Foreign Service and the American Civil War, p. 53.

85. BDOFA, part I, ser. C, vol. 5, p. 307, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, September 6, 1861.

86. Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War, p. 150, Russell to Delane, October 14, 1861.

87. Ibid., p. 125, Russell to Delane, September 13, 1861.

Chapter 7: “It Takes Two to Make a Quarrel”

1. Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis: Confederate President, 3 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 1, p. 141.

2. W. S. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Major Edward C. Anderson (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1976), p. 66, September 26, 1861.

3. Harriet Owsley, “Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad, 1861–1865,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 48 (Sept. 1961), p. 215.

4. Joseph A. Fry, Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Reno, Nev., 1982), p. 45.

5. Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 899, October 31, 1861.

6. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, September 21, 1861.

7. MHS, Charles Francis Adams, Notebook Reminiscences, September 18 1867. Russell was able to reassure Adams that Britain had no intention of going to war with Mexico.

8. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, October 1, 1861.

9. James D. Bulloch, The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, 2 vols. (New York, 1884), vol. 1, p. 115.

10. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent, p. 82, October 15, 1861.

11. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 892, October 17, 1861.

12. PRO 30/22/35 ff. 295–300, Lyons to Russell, October 22, 1861.

13. Martin Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862 (Athens, Ga., 1992), p. 159, Russell to J. C. Bancroft Davis, October 19, 1861.

14. PRO 30/22/35 ff. 229–40, Lyons to Russell, September 6, 1861.

15. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 357.

16. These included a letter sent to all the governors of states that possessed a port or coastal city, telling them to be prepared for a foreign invasion.

17. Sumner certainly knew the truth about France. Harriet Martineau wrote to him, “I know that our Cabinet has had, and still has, the utmost difficulty in preventing the French and Spanish governments from breaking the blockade.” Deborah Logan (ed.), The Collected Letters of Harriet Martineau, 5 vols. (London, 2007), vol. 4, p. 307, Martineau to Sumner, c. November 1861.

18. BDOFA, Part 1, ser. C, vol. 5, doc. 336, pp. 331–32, Lyons to Russell, October 28, 1861.

19. PRO 30/22/35 ff. 263–78, private, Lyons to Russell, October 4, 1861.

20. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 1, p. 194.

21. PRO 30/22/35 ff. 340–44, Lyons to Russell, December 6, 1861.

22. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 194.

23. University of Southampton, Palmerston MSS, PP/GC/LE/144, Lewis to Palmerston, September 3, 1861.

24. Reynolds’s Newspaper, September 29, 1861.

25. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, pp. 48–50, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., September 28, 1861.

26. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 911, November 25, 1861.

27. He gave one of his typical barnstorming speeches, eliciting cheers from the audience. However, Yancey overplayed his hand and referred to the South as “the land of the free and the home of the oppressed,” which prompted Punch to remind him that the whites were the free and the blacks were the oppressed. Winthrop Donaldson Jordan and Edwin J. Pratt, Europe and the American Civil War (New York, 1931), p. 23.

28. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 222–23, Yancey and Mann to Robert Toombs, July 15, 1861.

29. R.J.M.