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45. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent, p. 88.

46. Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War (Columbia, S.C., 1988), p. 54.

47. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebeneezer Wells (c. 1881), n.pp., c. November 9, 1861.

48. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent, p. 101.

49. James P. Gannon, Irish Rebels, Confederate Tigers (Mason City, Iowa, 1998), p. 10.

50. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 60.

51. Quoted in Robert Douthat Meade, Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman (Baton Rouge, La., 2001), p. 182.

52. Hoole, Confederate Foreign Agent, p. 102.

53. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, November 2, 1861.

54. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 908, November 19, 1861.

55. Edward Chalfant, Both Sides of the Ocean (New York, 1982), p. 316.

56. PRO FO 198/21, p. 10, Lord Russell to Adams, November 28, 1861.

57. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), p. 119.

58. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 913, November 27, 1861.

59. John Evan, Atlantic Impact (London, 1952), pp. 83–84. Karl Marx was scathing about Seward. His article for Die Presse on November 28 claimed, “We regard this latest operation of Mr. Seward as a characteristic act of tactlessness by self-conscious weakness simulating strength. If the naval incident hastens Seward’s removal from the Washington Cabinet, the United States will have no reason to record it as an ‘untoward event’ in the annals of its Civil War.”

60. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, vol. 76, November 27, 1861.

61. Ibid., November 29, 1861.

62. The Times, November 29, 1861.

63. James Chambers, Palmerston: The People’s Darling (London, 2004), p. 487, Palmerston to the Queen, December 5, 1861.

Chapter 8: The Lion Roars Back

1. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York, 1988), p. 326, November 16, 1861. Russell made a mistake and called Macfarland, McClernand.

2. BDOFA, part I, ser. C, vol. 5, pp. 361–62, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, November 19, 1861.

3. New York Times, November 18, 1861; Sunday Transcript, November 17, 1861.

4. For example, Seward’s son Frederick, who was assistant secretary of state, wrote to the U.S. consul in Havana on November 22: “It gives the Department pleasure to acknowledge the great importance of the service which has been rendered by Captain Wilkes to his country.” D. P. Crook, The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865 (New York, 1974), p. 115.

5. Charles Wilkes was the great-nephew of “Wilkes and Liberty” John Wilkes, the cheery eighteenth-century rogue who, in spite of himself, became a martyr and hero for political radicals opposing George III.

6. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols.; vol. 1: The Improvised War 1861–1862 (New York, 1959), p. 388.

7. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 327, November 19, 1861.

8. The Times, December 3, 1861.

9. B. J. Lossing, A Centennial Edition of the History of the United States (Chicago, 1876), p. 587.

10. Howard K. Beale (ed.), The Diary of Edward Bates (Washington, D.C., 1933), p. 202, November 19, 1861.

11. Stephen W. Sears, The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York, 1989), p. 136, McClellan to Mary Ellen, November 17, 1861.

12. PRO 30/22/35, ff. 317–23, Lyons to Russell, November 22, 1861.

13. Although the South was collectively holding its breath, in South Carolina a lonely General Robert E. Lee sent a little bouquet of violets to his daughter, and the following advice to his wife: “You must not build your hopes on peace on account of the United States going into a war with England.… Her rulers are not entirely mad, and if they find England is in earnest … they will adopt [peace]. We must make up our minds to fight