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13. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 330, April 27, 1862.

14. Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis: Confederate President, 3 vols. (New York, 1959), vol. 2, p. 246.

15. See Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, N.C., repr. 2001), pp. 113–15, for a discussion of the European Brigade. There were 2,500 Frenchmen, 800 Spaniards, 500 Italians, 400 Germans, Dutch, and Scandinavians, and 500 Swiss, Belgians, English, Slavonians, and others.

16. Virgil Carrington Jones makes clear that by April 30, New Orleans was relatively calm. “Truly the backbone of the rebellion is broken,” reported Admiral Porter. Jones, The Civil War at Sea, 3 vols. (New York, 1961), vol. 2, p. 138.

17. Robert S. Holzman, “Ben Butler in the Civil War,” New England Quarterly, 30/3 (Sept. 1957), pp. 330–45, at p. 335.

18. PRO FO5/848, ff. 403–10, Consul Coppel to Lord Russell, May 9, 1862.

19. Holtzman, “Ben Butler in the Civil War,” p. 334.

20. The British consul tried to protect the 105 British members of Company B. When Butler learned that 39 of them had sent their uniforms and weapons to friends in the Confederate army, he ordered the entire company to appear before him in full kit, or face either expulsion or imprisonment. Two men, according to a petition from the British residents, Samuel Nelson and J. Turner Roe, were arbitrarily arrested and sent “to work as common laborers on the forts which is tantamount to a death sentence given the weather, conditions etc.” They requested a British warship for protection. PRO FO5/848, ff. 433–39, Petition on behalf of British Residents of New Orleans, June 11, 1861.

21. PRO FO5/830, ff. 346–48, Lord Lyons to Lord Russell, May 30, 1862.

22. Seward dispatched a trusted representative to New Orleans to examine each claim of judicial abuse. It came as no surprise to Butler’s critics when every one of his cases was overturned.

23. William Watson, Life in the Confederate Army: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War (London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 371.

24. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 416.

25. Watson, Life in the Confederate Army, p. 361.

26. “The Journal of Robert Neve,” private collection, p. 40.

27. Shelby Foote, The Civil War, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 1, p. 385.

28. Halleck proclaimed a blanket ban on all journalists and noncombatants on May 13, on the grounds that Confederate spies were among them.

29. Illustrated London News, April 26, 1862.

30. Ibid., June 14, 1862.

31. E. B. Long, with Barbara Lond, The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (New York, 1971; repr. New York, 1985), p. 726.

32. Illustrated London News, July 19, 1862.

33. Ibid., July 26, 1862.

34. Camp Douglas was originally a training camp for volunteers; after the capture of Fort Donelson in February, the temporary barracks had been converted to hold enlisted prisoners of war; officers were sent to a separate prison. There, Stanley shared a straw pallet with W. H. Wilkes, a Southern nephew of the notorious Charles Wilkes.

35. Hughes, Sir Henry Morton Stanley, p. 141.

36. Ibid., p. 146.

37. PRO FO115/300, ff. 151–52, Lyons to Russell, May 5, 1862.

38. See, e.g., OR, ser. 2, vol. 4, S. 117, William Hoffman to Edwin Stanton, June 28, 1862.

39. Hughes (ed.), Sir Henry Morton Stanley, p. 148. Hughes notes that George Levy, the author of the most comprehensive study of Camp Douglas, has serious doubts about Stanley’s account. However, there is sufficient evidence to accept that he was there, and did join the 1st Illinois Light Artillery.

40. OR, ser. 1, vol. 10/1, p. 73, Report of Col. John F. De Courcy, June 20, 1862.

41. Hugh Dubrulle, “A Military Legacy of the Civil War: The British Inheritance,” Civil War History (June 2003), pp. 153–80. The military observers were genuinely impressed, however. Sir George