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fighting force was less than half his 32,000-man army. At first he thought that a run up the Mississippi River was still possible with just 12,000 men. Catton, Never Call Retreat, p. 76.

26. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 28.

27. Ibid.

28. Raphael Semmes, Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services (1868, repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 402.

29. Charles Grayson Summersell, CSS Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), p. 13.

30. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 405.

31. The officers either knew or were related to one another to a remarkable degree. Fifth Lieutenant Irvine Bulloch, for example, was James Bulloch’s younger half-brother; midshipman Edward Maffit Anderson, was the son of Edward Charles Anderson who had directed the Confederate navy’s purchasing operations so ably in 1861; and midshipman Eugene Anderson Maffit was his cousin.

32. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 427.

33. Raimondo Luraghi, A History of the Confederate Navy (Annapolis, Md., 1996), p. 227.

34. In truth, USS Hatteras was not such a formidable opponent after all, being little more than a refitted passenger ship with about half the Alabama’s firepower. Charles Grayson Summersell, The Journal of George Townley Fullam (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 72.

35. Semmes, Service Afloat, p. 543.

36. Norman C. Delaney, John McIntosh Kell of the Raider Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 143.

37. Douglas Maynard, “Civil War ‘Care’: The Mission of the George Griswold,” New England Quarterly, 34/3 (1961), p. 300.

38. Ibid., p. 303.

39. David Herbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (New York, 1970), p. 109.

40. PRO 30/22/37, ff. 29–30, Lyons to Russell, February 24, 1863.

41. Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.), The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 1, p. 148, Sumner to John Bright, March 16, 1863.

42. Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 185. Modern, low-cost, British-built and -owned steamships were monopolizing the Atlantic trade because their American competitors were old-fashioned sailboats.

43. New York Times, November 21, 1862.

Chapter 17: “The Tinsel Has Worn Off”

1. Speeches, Arguments, Addresses, and Letters of Clement L. Vallandigham (New York, 1864), p. 430.

2. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 245, Herbert to mother, March 10, 1863. The source for the footnote on this page is Francis Galton (ed.), Vacation Tourists, 1862–1863 (London, 1864), p. 398.

3. Charles Herbert Mayo, Genealogical History of the Mayo and Elton Family (privately printed, 1882), p. 230.

4. Wendy Trewin, All on Stage: Charles Wyndham and the Alberys (London, 1980), p. 8.

5. Ibid., p. 11. This says his father encouraged him. But Wyndham himself says the family opposed the move and refused to support him financially. Thomas E. Pemberton, Sir Charles Wyndham: A Biography (London, 1904), pp. 8, 33.

6. Trewin, All on Stage, p. 18.

7. http://oha.alexandriava.gov/fortward/special-sections/voices/, testimony of William Wallace, 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry.

8. W. C. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 206, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to mother, December 21, 1862.

9. Wyndham was always a favorite with the press, and his side was taken by Dawson’s Daily Times and Union, a popular Indiana newspaper, which declared that the resignation had been a matter of principle since he held Colonel Butler in such low esteem.

10. NARA, CB MID64, roll 66, Report by General Heintzelman, January 20, 1863.

11. BL Add. MS 415670, ff. 242–43, Herbert to Jack, January 28, 1863.

12. New-York Historical Society, Narrative of Ebenezer Wells (c. 1881), January 1863.

13. BL Add. MS 415670, ff. 242–43, Herbert to Jack, January 28, 1863.

14. Ford (ed.), A Cycle of Adams Letters, vol. 1, p. 250, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, January 30, 1863.

15. Ibid., p. 264, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, March 8, 1863.