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to Seward, alerting him to the plot. Meanwhile Monck ordered the Welland Canal between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario to be watched for suspicious steamboats. General Cox in Ohio informed Edwin Stanton on November 15 that “the Rebels who left Windsor to join the raid are returning, saying that the plans are frustrated for the present, and will have to be postponed for a time.” OR, ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 1043, Cox to Stanton, November 15, 1863.

4. Madeline House, Graham Storey, and Kathleen Tillotson (eds.), The Letters of Charles Dickens, 3 vols. (New York, 1974), vol. 3, p. 207, Dickens to John Forster, April 24, 1842.

5. Bradley A. Rodgers, Guardian of the Great Lakes (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), p. 84.

6. Charles Frohman, Rebels on Lake Erie (Columbus, Ohio, 1975), p. 98.

7. Oscar A. Kinchen, Confederate Operations in Canada (Hanover, Mass., 1970), p. 105.

8. Frohman, Rebels on Lake Erie, p. 73.

9. John W. Headley, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York (Kent, Ohio, 1906), p. 252.

10. Daniel B. Lucas, Memoir of John Yates Beall (Montreal, 1865), p. 32.

11. Frohman, Rebels on Lake Erie, p. 93.

12. Ibid., p. 80.

13. Frances Elizabeth Owen Monck, My Canadian Leaves: Diary of a Visit to Canada, 1865–6 (London, 1891), p. 122.

14. Ibid., p. 137.

15. Ibid., p. 148, October 4, 1864.

16. Ibid., p. 170.

17. Ann Blackman, Wild Rose: Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Civil War Spy (New York, 2005), pp. 298–99.

18. Thomas E. Taylor, Running the Blockade (Annapolis, Md., repr. 1995), p. 123.

19. Blackman, Wild Rose, p. 300.

20. The Times, November 15, 1864.

21. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS, Beauregard to Feilden, September 5, 1864.

22. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston, 1917), pp. 197–98.

23. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS, Feilden to Julia McCord, September 27, 1864.

24. Ibid., Feilden to Julia McCord, September 25, 1864.

25. The wine, for example, was coming from Bermuda, and the ring was being made from the last of his gold sovereigns. Ibid., Feilden to Julia McCord, September 27, 1864.

26. South Carolina Historical Society, Feilden-Smythe MSS, Jordan to Hardee, October 12, 1864.

27. The Times, November 5, 1864.

28. Frank E. Vandiver (ed.), The Civil War Diary of Josiah Gorgas (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1947), p. 145, October 6, 1864.

29. Illustrated London News, January 21, 1865.

30. Ibid., October 22, 1864, p. 407.

31. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), p. 433, October 10, 1864.

32. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1875), p. 66.

33. PRO FO5/1285, n. 78, Burnley to Russell, September 26, 1864.

34. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, p. 433, October 4, 1864.

35. Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections, p. 40.

36. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 125.

37. Ibid., pp. 201–2, Dawson to mother, October 13, 1864.

38. W. C. Ford, A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, pp. 194–96, September 18, 1864. Charles Francis Adams, Jr., was vastly overstating the condition of the 5th Massachusetts Colored Cavalry, an elite black regiment that included Charles Douglass, the son of the abolition campaigner Frederick Douglass; and Joshua Laurence, father of the poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, whose work was set to music by Samuel Coleridge-Taylor.

39. Ernest Duvergier de Hauranne, Eight Months in America: Letters and Travel Notes, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1974), vol. 1, p. 32, June 20, 1864.

40. A. S. Lewis (ed.), My Dear Parents (New York, 1982), p. 107, Horrocks to parents, November 19, 1864.

41. James McPherson (ed.), Atlas of the Civil War (Philadelphia, 2005), p. 190.

42. Gary W. Gallagher (ed.), The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2006), p. 212.

43. Quoted in Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion,