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19. Letters of Queen Victoria, ed. George E. Buckle, 3 vols. (London, 1930–32), vol. 1, p. 594, Lord Clarendon to Queen Victoria, May 1, 1869.

20. Bancroft was so gratuitously rude about Lord Palmerston, who had been dead for less than four months, that an official protest was lodged by the Foreign Office with the American legation: “Lincoln took to heart the eternal truths of liberty … Palmerston did nothing that will endure; Lincoln finished a work which all time cannot overthrow.… Palmerston … was attended by the British aristocracy to his grave, which, after a few years, will hardly be noticed.… Lincoln [will] … be remembered through all time by his countrymen, and by all the peoples of the world.”

21. MHS, Argyll Letters, p. 86, Duchess of Argyll to Charles Sumner, July 4, 1865.

22. The easiest route to winning Seward’s trust was to behave toward him as if he were still the most powerful politician in Washington. “He is vain,” wrote the British minister, Frederick Bruce, on May 2; “to show deference to his judgment … is a species of subtle flattery which is not without weight.” James J. Barnes and Patience P. Barnes (eds.), Private and Confidential: Letters from British Ministers to the Foreign Secretaries (Selinsgrove, Pa., 1993), p. 378.

23. PRFA, I (1868), p. 83, Charles Francis Adams to Seward, May 2, 1867.

24. The Dominion of Canada was a semiautonomous state under the sovereignty of the Crown. In theory, its parliament was answerable to the Imperial Parliament in London, but in practice the Canadians were left to govern their internal affairs, though not their external relationships with foreign countries, including America.

25. MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, April 25, 1867.

26. Correspondence Concerning Claims Against Great Britain, vol. 3 (Washington, 1869), p. 674, Seward to Adams, May 2, 1867.

27. Wendell Phillips Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison, 1805–1879: The Story of His Life, 4 vols. (New York, 1889), vol. 4, pp. 205–9.

28. Lord Russell, quoted in ibid., p. 210.

29. Correspondence Concerning Claims Against Great Britain, vol. 3, p. 683, Seward to Adams, November 16, 1867.

30. Letters of Henry Adams, ed. Jacob Clavner Levenson (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), vol. 1, p. 498, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 14, 1865. He remained the same stiff and isolated figure who had arrived in 1861. “I am continually puzzled to know how we get along together,” complained his son Henry. “I find the Chief rather harder, less a creature of our time than ever. It pains me absolutely … to see him so separate from the human race. I crave for what is new.… He cares nothing for it, and a new discovery in physics or in chemistry, or a new development in geology never seems to touch any chord in him.”

31. Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams (New York, 1961), pp. 330–31.

32. Frederick W. Seward (ed.), Seward at Washington (New York, 1891), p. 538.

33. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. Ernest Samuels (repr. Boston, 1973), p. 246.

34. New York Nation, 3 (1866), p. 234.

35. Calculations based on http://www.measuringworth.com.

36. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals (New York, 2005), p. 711.

37. Maureen Robson, “The Alabama Claims and the Anglo-American Reconciliation,” Canadian Historical Review, 42/1 (1961), p. 22.

38. Baxter, “June Meeting: The British High Commissioners at Washington in 1871,” p. 350.

39. Mary Sophia Hill, A British Subject’s Recollections of the Confederacy (Baltimore, 1975), p. 66.

40. Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898 (London, 1999), p. 114.

41. Bruce Herald, March 28, 1873.

42. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant (New York, 2003), p. 640.

43. William Michael Rossetti, “English Opinion on the American War,” Atlantic Monthly, 17 (Feb. 1866), p. 129.

44. Ella Lonn’s magisterial studies of foreign volunteers (published between 1940 and 1951) shed much-needed light on their numbers, but placing the volunteers