Absolutely Small - Michael D. Fayer [150]
THE THREE RULES FOR PUTTING ELECTRONS IN ENERGY LEVELS
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Chapter 12 - The Hydrogen Molecule and the Covalent Bond
TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS THAT ARE FAR APART
TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS BROUGHT CLOSE TOGETHER
THE BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION
FORMING BONDING MOLECULAR ORBITALS
BONDING AND ANTIBONDING MOLECULAR ORBITALS
PUTTING ELECTRONS IN MOLECULAR ORBITALS
THE HYDROGEN MOLECULE EXISTS BUT THE HELIUM MOLECULE DOESN’T
Chapter 13 - What Holds Atoms Together: Diatomic Molecules
SIGMA (σ) AND PI (π) BONDS
SIGMA MOLECULAR ORBITALS
PI MOLECULAR ORBITALS
BONDING IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES: THE FLUORINE MOLECULE
THE NEON MOLECULE DOESN’T EXIST
THE OXYGEN MOLECULE: HUND’S RULE MATTERS
THE NITROGEN MOLECULE
SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE BONDS
HETERONUCLEAR DIATOMICS
VISUAL MODELS OF MOLECULES
Chapter 14 - Bigger Molecules: The Shapes of Polyatomic Molecules
MOLECULAR SHAPES—TETRAHEDRAL METHANE
PROMOTING ELECTRONS
HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—LINEAR MOLECULES
HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—TRIGONAL MOLECULES
HYBRID ATOMIC ORBITALS—TETRAHEDRAL MOLECULES
HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE BOND
LARGE HYDROCARBONS HAVE MULTIPLE STRUCTURES
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE CARBON-CARBON BONDS
Chapter 15 - Beer and Soap
ALCOHOLS
ETHANOL IS A LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, NOT A GAS
WATER MAKES HYDROGEN BONDS
WATER IS A GREAT SOLVENT
ETHANOL WILL UNDERGO CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN
METHANOL IS VERY POISONOUS
SOAP
LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE OIL AND GREASE
LARGE HYDROCARBONS CAN HAVE MANY STRUCTURES
OIL AND WATER DON’T MIX
THE STRUCTURE OF SOAP MOLECULES
Chapter 16 - Fat, It’s All About the Double Bonds
WHAT IS A FAT MOLECULE?
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATS
THE SHAPES OF FAT MOLECULES
SATURATED, MONOUNSATURATED, AND POLYUNSATURATED FATS
DOUBLE BONDS IN FATS MATTER
CHEMICALLY MODIFIED FATS
PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED AND HYDROGENATED FATS
HYDROGENATION OF FATS
READ THE LABEL
TRANS FATS
NATURE PRODUCES CIS FATS BUT CHEMICAL PROCESSING PRODUCES TRANS FATS
TRANS FATS CAN BE DELETERIOUS
WHEN ZERO IS ZERO
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
CHOLESTEROL
Chapter 17 - Greenhouse Gases
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
BURNING METHANE: NATURAL GAS
WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE GAS?
BURNING FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCES CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DIOXIDE IS A GREENHOUSE GAS BECAUSE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
THE EARTH’S BLACK BODY SPECTRUM
CO GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS QUANTUM MECHANICAL
Chapter 18 - Aromatic Molecules
BENZENE: THE PROTOTYPICAL AROMATIC MOLECULE
THE BENZENE DELOCALIZED PI MOLECULAR ORBITALS
NAPHTHALENE TREATED AS A PARTICLE IN A BOX PROBLEM
Chapter 19 - Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
METALS
INSULATORS
SEMICONDUCTORS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Chapter 20 - Think Quantum
EXPERIENCE TEACHES US TO UNDERSTAND THE CLASSICAL WORLD
UNDERSTANDING WHAT WE SEE AROUND US REQUIRES SOME KNOWLEDGE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
COLOR IS A QUANTUM PHENOMENON
ENERGY LEVELS AND COLOR COME FROM THE WAVELIKE NATURE OF PARTICLES
QUANTUM PHENOMENA HOLD ATOMS TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES AND DETERMINE THEIR SHAPES
CARBON DIOXIDE IS A GREENHOUSE GAS BECAUSE OF QUANTUM EFFECTS
VERY HOT OBJECTS GIVE OFF VISIBLE BLACK BODY RADIATION
ELECTRICAL HEATING IS A QUANTUM PHENOMENON
ABSOLUTELY SMALL
Glossary
Index