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a pheromone on the walking surface; see J Billen, B Gobin 1996, Trail following in army ants, Neth. J. Zool. 46: 272–280. The only solid proof of exploratory trails exists in certain Malayan Leptogenys, currently the best-studied examples of convergence with army ant raids. Leptogenys distinguenda, for example, has swarm raids a few yards wide, and pioneers reaching unmarked ground lay secretions different from recruitment signals to food. See V Witte, U Maschwitz 2002, Coordination of raiding and emigration in the ponerine army ant Leptogenys distinguenda: A signal analysis, J. Insect Behav. 15: 195–217. I predict much more will be learned about foraging strategies from other species of Leptogenys, which show a striking diversity of behaviors up to and including trunk trails and true mass foraging.

15. EC Yip, KS Powers, L Avilés 2008, Cooperative capture of large prey solves scaling challenge faced by spider societies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 11818–11822; and DE Jackson 2007, Social spiders, Curr. Biol. 17: R650–R652.

16. JC Bednarz 1988, Cooperative hunting Harris’ hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus), Science 239: 1525–1527.

17. D Kaiser 2003, Coupling cell movement to multicellular development in myxobacteria, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 1: 45–54.

18. John T. Bonner, Why Size Matters: From Bacteria to Blue Whales (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).

19. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 53.

20. John T. Bonner, The Social Amoebae (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008); and JJ Kuzdzal-Fick, KR Foster, DC Queller, JE Strassmann 2007, Exploiting new terrain: An advantage to sociality in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, Behav. Ecol. 18: 433–437.

21. T Nakagaki, H Yamada, Á Tóth 2000, Intelligence: Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism, Nature 407: 470.

22. J Reinhard, M Kaib 2001, Trail communication during foraging and recruitment in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis, J. Insect Behav. 14: 157–171; and J Reinhard, H Hertel, M Kaib 1997, Systematic search for food in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis, Insectes Soc. 44: 147–158.

23. Terrence D. Fitzgerald, The Tent Caterpillars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).

24. AN Radford, AR Ridley 2006, Recruitment calling: A novel form of extended parental care in an altricial species, Curr. Biol. 16: 1700–1704.

25. TM Judd, PW Sherman 1996, Naked mole-rats recruit colony mates to food sources, Anim. Behav. 52: 957–969.

26. B Heinrich, T Bugnyar 2007, Just how smart are ravens? Sci. Am. 296: 64–71.

27. For humans, see Keith F. Otterman, How War Began (College Station: Texas A&M University, 2004). The two activities commonly share metaphors. See, e.g., David Livingstone Smith, The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007); and Bradley A. Thayer, Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004).

28. The density of army ants tends to be greatest for those species raiding largely underground, presumably because space is cramped there, though they often continue to be concentrated when exposed.

29. William M. Wheeler, Ants: Their Structure, Development, and Behavior (New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), p. 246.

30. JH Fewell 2003, Social insect networks, Science 301: 1867–1870.

31. As expressed in this statement: “Men do not fight for a cause but because they do not want to let their comrades down” (Samuel L.A. Marshall, Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command [Washington, D.C.: William Morrow, 1947], pp. 42–43).

32. The only exception I have seen documented is the ant Paraponera, whose workers reportedly identify each other as individuals and also identify one another’s trails; see MD Breed, JM Harrison 1987, Individually discriminable recruitment trails in a ponerine ant, Insectes Soc. 34: 222–226. Another researcher claims that workers identify individuals at times; see Zhanna Reznikova,