Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [167]
16. William F. Joyce, Nitin Nohria, and Bruce Roberson, What Really Works: The 4+2 Formula for Sustained Business Success (New York: HarperCollins, 2003); James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations (New York: Doubleday, 2003).
17. The idea of homeostasis and its application to both bodies and societies was originally developed in Walter B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body, 2d ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1939).
18. See, e.g., JW Wenzel, J Pickering 1991, Cooperative foraging, productivity, and the central limit theorem, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 36–38; R Rosengren, W Fortelius, K Lindström, A Luther 1987, Phenology and causation of nest heating and thermoregulation in red wood ants of the Formica rufa group studied in coniferous forest habitats in southern Finland, Ann. Zool. Fenn. 24: 147–155; and Edward O. Wilson, The Insect Societies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
19. Admittedly, these raids include a variety of army ants, which may select different ants as prey. See S O’Donnell, J Lattke, S Powell, M Kaspari 2007, Army ants in four forests: Geographic variation in raid rates and species composition, J. Anim. Ecol. 76: 580–589; and M Kaspari, S O’Donnell 2003, High rates of army ant raids in the Neotropics and implications for ant colony and community structure, Evol. Ecol. Res. 5: 933–939.
20. NR Franks, CR Fletcher 1983, Spatial patterns in army ant foraging and migration: Eciton burchelli on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12: 261–270. Because raids are only a few meters wide, the overlap avoided by foraging in this pattern is very slight, involving only the first few of the many meters traveled from the nest.
21. For army ants, “a long time” is any period longer than the normal length of a raid.
22. Such patches can be exploited even by species otherwise known for harvesting patches of dispersed items; see, e.g., F Lopez, JM Serrano, FJ Acosta 1992, Intense reactions of recruitment facing unusual stimuli in Messor barbarus, Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 39: 135–142.
23. JFA Traniello 1989, Foraging strategies of ants, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34: 191–210.
24. This defensive function of trunk trails has been described for other ant species, including ones in which foragers travel solitarily from the trails; see B Hölldobler 1976, Recruitment behavior, home range orientation and territoriality in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 3–44.
25. Whether the ants were drawn in this direction because of the success of the previous day’s raid is an open question. This was one of the four cases I documented in Nigeria in which routes were partially reused after one to three days of neglect. Twice workers reestablished a twisty trail on rocky ground, including sections that had been subterranean.
26. Carl Rettenmeyer told me he saw trail-following of prey by Eciton hamatum many times, but the only published evidence that this is the column raider’s strategy is presented in RL Torgerson, RD Akre 1970, Interspecific responses to trail and alarm pheromones by New World army ants, J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 43: 395–404.
7. Clash of the Titans
1. Caspar Schöning tells me, however, that springtails show up in driver ant prey samples in Kenya.
2. JT Longino 2005, Complex nesting behavior by two neotropical species of the ant genus Stenamma, Biotropica 37: 670–675.
3. Driver ants would prove to be among the most common chimpanzee prey; see C Schöning, D Ellis, A Fowler, V Sommer 2007, Army ant prey availability and consumption by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) at Gashaka (Nigeria), J. Zool. 271: 125–133.
4. C Schöning, MW Moffett 2007, Driver ants invading a termite nest: Why do the most catholic predators of all seldom take this abundant prey? Biotropica 39: 663–667. Among the New World army