Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [187]
7. CJ Krebs, R Boonstra, S Boutin, ARE Sinclair 2001, What drives the 10-year cycle of snowshoe hares? Bioscience 51: 25–35.
8. Asexual reproduction and other features of the fungus mutualism were predicted in MM Martin 1992, The evolution of insect-fungus associations: From contact to stable symbiosis, Am. Zool. 32: 593– 605. Martin based his ideas on R Law, Evolution in a mutualistic environment, in The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution, ed. DH Boucher (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985), pp. 145–170.
9. The fungus’s occasional success in sexual reproduction, presumably at these times, is shown by genetic evidence; see AS Mikheyev, UG Mueller, P Abbot 2006, Cryptic sex and many-to-one coevolution in the fungus-growing ant symbiosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 10702–10706.
10. For an exception, see, e.g., GH Perry et al. 2007, Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation, Nat. Genet. 39: 1256–1260.
11. B Stadler, AFG Dixon 2005, Ecology and evolution of aphid-ant interactions, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 36: 345–372.
12. JS LaPolla, TR Schultz, KM Kjer, JF Bischoff 2006, Phylogenetic position of the ant genus Acropyga and the evolution of trophophoresy, Insect Syst. Evol. 37: 197–212.
13. M Dill, DJ Williams, U Maschwitz 2002, Herdsmen ants and their mealybug partners, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturforsch. Ges. 557: 1–373.
14. H Fernández-Martín, JK Zimmerman, SA Rehner, WT Wcislo 2006, Active use of the metapleural glands by ants in controlling fungal infection, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 273: 1689–1695. In leafcutter ants, the metapleural gland almost certainly plays a role in fungus garden health by keeping the pH low enough to selectively poison undesirable microbes; see D Ortius-Lechner, R Maile, ED Morgan, JJ Boomsma 2000, Metapleural gland secretions of the leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex octospinosus: New compounds and their functional significance, J. Chem. Ecol. 26: 1667–1683.
15. MW Moffett 2007, Able bodies, National Geographic, 212: 140–151. A similar-seeming ant behavior occurs in a dissimilar situation: with a parasitic ant that climbs on other species to steal the nectar in their mandibles; see F-J Richard, A Dejean, J-P Lachaud 2004, Sugary food robbing in ants: A case of temporal cleptobiosis, Comptes Rendus Biol. 327: 509–517. The function of the “cleaning” behavior is unclear for ants and for most cleaning fish as well; see, e.g., R Bshary, AS Grutter 2006, Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism, Nature 441: 975–978; and R Poulin, AS Grutter 1996, Cleaning symbioses: Proximate and adaptive explanations, Bioscience 46: 512–517. The Dorymyrmex species is probably smithi (Stefan Cover, personal communication).
16. F Amante 1967, Prejuízos causados pela formiga saúva em plantações de Eucalyptus e Pinus no Estado de São Paulo, Silvicul. São Paulo 6: 355–363; and M Autuori 1947, Contribuição para o conhecimento de saúva (Atta spp IV): Osauveiro depois da primeira revoada (Atta sexdens rubripilosa), Arq. Inst. Biol. 18: 39–70.
17. It’s called the infrabuccal pocket; see CR Currie, AE Stuart 2001, Weeding and grooming of pathogens in agriculture by ants, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 268: 1033–1039.
18. AEF Little, T Murakami, UG Mueller, CR Currie 2006, Defending against parasites: Fungus-growing ants combine specialized behaviours and microbial symbionts to protect their fungus gardens, Biol. Lett. 2: 12–16.
19. The linkage between the species may be tighter for some of Atta’s fungus-growing relatives (which culture the bacteria on special “crypts” on their bodies) than Atta itself; see UG Mueller, D Dash, C Rabeling, A Rodrigues 2008, Coevolution between attine ants and actinomycete bacteria: A reevaluation, Evolution 62: 2894–2912; and CR Currie, M Poulsen, J Mendenhall, JJ Boomsma, J Billen 2006, Coevolved