Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [189]
36. ANM Bot, SA Rehner, JJ Boomsma 2001, Partial incompatibility between ants and symbiotic fungi in two sympatric species of Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants, Evolution 55: 1980–1991.
37. These incompatibility reactions are known for the genus Acromyrmex; see M Poulsen, JJ Boomsma 2005, Mutualistic fungi control crop diversity in fungus-growing ants, Science 307: 741–744.
38. See n. 36; AS Mikheyev, UG Mueller, JJ Boomsma 2007, Population genetic signatures of diffuse co-evolution between leaf-cutting ants and their cultivar fungi, Mol. Ecol. 16: 209–216; and RMM Adams, UG Mueller, AK Holloway, AM Green, J Narozniak 2000, Garden sharing and garden stealing in fungus-growing ants, Naturwissenschaften 87: 491–493.
39. MB Dijkstra, JJ Boomsma 2003, Gnamptogenys hartmani: An agro-predator of Trachymyrmex and Sericomyrmex fungus-growing ants, Naturwissenschaften 90: 568–571; and RMM Adams, UG Mueller, TR Schultz, B Norden 2000, Agropredation: Usurpation of attine fungus gardens by Megalomyrmex ants, Naturwissenschaften 87: 549–554.
40. T Yamaguchi 1995, Intraspecific competition through food robbing in the harvester ant, Messor aciculatus, and its consequences on colony survival, Insectes Soc. 42: 89–101; and B Hölldobler 1986, Food robbing in ants, a form of interference competition, Oecologia 69: 12–15.
41. J Diamond 1998, Ants, crops, and history, Science 281: 1974–1975. For human examples, see Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997).
42. Among other things, the ants provide the fungus with ideal temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. One article examines the relationship from the fungus’s point of view; see UG Mueller 2002, Ant versus fungus versus mutualism: Ant cultivar conflict and the deconstruction of the attine ant-fungus symbiosis, Am. Nat. 160: S67–S98.
16. Armies of the Earth
1. Battle mortalities and border changes are described in ML Thomas, CM Payne-Makrisâ, AV Suarez, ND Tsutsui, DA Holway 2006, When supercolonies collide: Territorial aggression in an invasive and unicolonial social insect, Mol. Ecol. 15: 4303–4315.
2. Until recently the Argentine ant was known as Iridomyrmex humilis. In its native range, it also crosses the Argentina border into adjacent parts of Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil.
3. J Zee, DA Holway 2006, Nest raiding by the invasive Argentine ant on colonies of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex subnitidus, Insectes Soc. 53: 161– 167. A more general look at competitive displacement can be found in DA Holway 1999, Competitive mechanisms underlying the displacement of native ants by the invasive Argentine ant, Ecology 80: 238– 251; and KG Human, DM Gordon 1999, Behavioral interactions of the invasive Argentine ant with native ant species, Insectes Soc. 46: 159–163.
4. AV Suarez, DA Holway, TJ Case 2001, Patterns of spread in biological invasions dominated by long-distance jump dispersal: Insights from Argentine ants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 1095–1100.
5. FR Cole, AC Medeiros, LL Loope, WW Zuehlke 1992, Effects of the Argentine ant on arthropod fauna of Hawaiian high-elevation shrubland, Ecology 73: 1313–1322.
6. DA Holway, E LeBrun, C Tillberg, AV Suarez 2007, Trophic ecology of invasive Argentine ants in their native and introduced ranges, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 20856–20861.
7. AV Suarez, JQ Richmond, TJ Case 2000, Prey selection in horned lizards following the invasion of Argentine ants in southern California, Ecol. Appl. 10: 711–725.
8. CE Christian 2001, Consequences of a biological invasion reveal the importance of mutualism for plant communities, Nature 413: 635–639.
9. SE Carney, MB Byerley, DA Holway 2003, Invasive ants (Linepithema humile) do not replace native ants as seed dispersers of Dendromecon rigida, Oecologia 135: 576–582.