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Artificial respiration

Asthma attacks

Bites

• animal

• insect

• snake

• spider

• tick

Bleeding

• minor

• from nose

• severe

Blisters

Bones

• broken

• dislocated

• fractured

Breathing, absence of

Bruises

Burns

• sunburn

Cardiac arrest

Chemical injuries

• eye

• skin

• swallowed

Chest injuries

Childbirth

Choking

Cold exposure

Coma

• Diabetic coma

• Unconsciousness

Convulsions

Coronary

Cuts

• minor

• severe

• severed arm, leg, finger, or toe

Dislocations

Dog bite

Drowning

Ear

• foreign object in

• insect in

Electric shock

Emergency childbirth

Exhaustion, heat

Exposure

• cold

• heat

Eye injuries

• black eye

• bruised eye

• chemical in eye

• foreign object in eye

Fainting

Foreign object

• in ear

• in eye

• in nose

Fracture

Frostbite

Head wounds

Heart attack

Heat exhaustion

Heat exposure

Heatstroke

Heimlich maneuver

Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

Insect

• bites

• in ear

• stings

Knocked-out tooth

Lightning strike

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Mouth-to-nose resuscitation

Nose

• bleeding from

• foreign object in

Poisoning

Poisonous plants

Poisons, common household

Pressure points

Resuscitation

• mouth-to-mouth

• mouth-to-nose

Scalds

Scorpion stings

Scrapes

Seizures

Severed arm, leg, finger, or toe

Shock

Shock, electric

Snakebites

Spider bite

Spinal injuries

Splinters

Splints

Sprains

Stings

• insect

• scorpion

Strains

Sunburn

Sunstroke

Swallowed poison

Tooth, knocked out

Unconsciousness

Wounds

• minor

• puncture

• severe

• splinters

Absence of Breathing

The simplest and most effective method of restoring breathing in a person who is not breathing is to exhale your breath into the person’s lungs. If a person’s breathing has stopped, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (also called artificial respiration) is needed immediately because if the brain is deprived of oxygen for more than 4 or 5 minutes, permanent brain damage or death can occur. Call or have someone call 911 or your local emergency number, or send someone for help.

When someone has stopped breathing, his or her chest or abdomen does not rise and fall, his or her face may turn blue or gray, and you will not be able to feel any air coming out of his or her mouth or nose.

If, for some reason (such as a mouth injury), you can’t give the person mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, try to resuscitate him or her by putting your mouth around his or her nose. For an infant or small child, put your mouth over the child’s mouth and nose.

Choking

A person who is choking will involuntarily grasp his or her neck. Complete obstruction of an airway is an emergency that requires immediate attention. If the person can speak, cough, or breathe and his or her skin color is good (he or she does not look bluish or gray), the airway may be only partly blocked. Do not interfere with his or her efforts to cough up the food or object.

The Heimlich Maneuver

The Heimlich maneuver is an effective first-aid measure for dislodging food or another foreign object in a choking person.

If the choking person is conscious or standing:

1. Stand behind the person and place your fist (with your thumb folded in your fist) slightly above the person’s navel and below the ribs and breastbone. Do not touch the breastbone.

2. Place your other hand under the first and give several quick, forceful, upward thrusts. Squeeze only the person’s abdomen; do not squeeze the ribs. Repeat until the person coughs up the object.

3. If the object is dislodged but the person stops breathing, start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately (see next page).

If the choking person is unconscious or lying down:

1. Turn the person on his or her back and straddle him or her.

2. Place the heel of one hand on the person’s stomach, slightly above the navel and below the ribs (dotted line). Put your other hand on top of the first hand. Keeping your elbows straight, give several quick, forceful, downward and forward