American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [255]
201 Decades later: Kohler, Immigration and Aliens in the United States, 400–401.
201 Now it was William Williams’s: Memo from William Williams to Commissioner-General of Immigration, September 8, 1909, File 52531-12A, INS.
201 Williams was not happy: NYT, July 16, 1909.
201 Williams assumed: Letter from Frank Larned to Williams Williams, July 23, 1909, File 52531-12A, INS; Letter from William Williams to Frank Larned, July 20, 1909, File 52531-12, INS.
202 After the resolution: NYT, July 27, 1909; Letter from Charles Nagel to William Williams, July 16, 1909, CN.
202 “There is no more need”: NYT, July 27, 1909; Letter from Charles Nagel to William Williams, July 31, 1909, CN.
203 The following year: Canfora v. Williams, 1911, reprinted in Edith Abbott, ed., Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924), 256–258; File 53139-7, INS.
203 These cases show: U.S. v. Ju Toy, 198 U.S. 253 (1905).
204 However, the Department of Commerce: File 53438-11, INS. 205 These supposedly weak: Amy Fairchild argues that the immigration inspection process was part of the shaping of a modern, industrial workforce. See Amy L. Fairchild, Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003). For a discussion of the exclusion of immigrants with physical deficiencies, see Douglas C. Baynton, “Defectives in the Land: Disability and American Immigration Policy, 1882–1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Spring 2005.
205 In 1902, commissioner-general: Letter from Frank Sargent to William Williams, October 6, 1902, WW-NYPL.
205 Medical officials: For more on the designation of “poor physique,” see Fairchild, Science at the Borders, 165–169.
205 Sargent defined: Letter to all Commissioners of Immigration and inspectors from Frank Sargent, Commissioner General, Bureau of Immigration, April 17, 1905, File 916, Folder 1, IRL.
205 William Williams agreed: Letter from William Williams to Prescott Hall, April 10, 1904, File 916, Folder 1, IRL; Williams, “The Sifting of Immigrants.” 205 He had been: Allan McLaughlin, “Immigration and the Public Health” PSM, January 1904.
206 Doctors with the: Fairchild, Science at the Borders, 166–167; Elizabeth Yew, “Medical Inspection of Immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891–1924,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 56, no. 5 (June 1980).
206 This did not mean: “Book of Instructions for the Medical Inspection of Aliens, Bureau of Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service,” January 18, 1910. 206 In the first: Letter from Robert Watchorn to Prescott Hall, May 12, 1908, File 958, IRL.
207 When Williams took: William Williams, “Notice Concerning Detention and Deportation of Immigrant,” March 18, 1910, Folder 10, Box 13, MK. On the connection between deafness and the “likely to become a public charge” clause, see Douglas C. Baynton, “ ‘The Undesirability of Admitting Deaf Mutes’: U.S. Immigration Policy and Deaf Immigrants, 1882–1924,” Sign Language Studies 6, no. 4 (Summer 2006).
207 In his first: “Annual Report of William Williams, Ellis Island Commissioner,” September 19, 1910, Folder 5, File 1061, IRL. Also found in “Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration,” 1910, 134–135.
207 The amount of work: “Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration,” 1911, 147.
207 Williams worried: Letter from William Williams to Commissioner-General of Immigration, June 24, 1910, WW-Yale.
208 To the thousands: On the case of Wolf Konig, see File 53452-973, INS. 208 Michele Sica was: On the case of Michele Sica, see File 53305-74, INS. 209 Although much younger Although much younger 234, INS.
210 Williams himself: On the case of Jacob Duck, see File 52880-127, INS. 210 Though Williams may have: On the Kaganowitz family, see