American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [262]
264 Women of all nationalities: Deirdre M. Moloney, “Women, Sexual Morality, and Economic Dependency in Early U.S. Deportation Policy,” Journal of Women’s History 18, no. 2 (Summer 2006). Moloney claims that the “enforcement of immigration policies concerning women’s sexuality differed according to their race and ethnicity.” She offers only anecdotal, but not statistical, evidence for the claim.
264 Giulia Del Favero: Document No. 16129, Box 23, Entry 7, INS.
265 Sometimes, though, those vultures: Campbell and Rodgers Report, June 2, 1900, to Secretary of the Treasury, Boxes 157–158, TVP.
266 Immigration officials continued: File 52388-59, INS.
266 A young Serbian woman : File 52388-77, INS.
267 Young women who transgressed: File 53155-125, INS.
268 Immigration officials also: Some scholars have seen the imposition of morality tests as specifically targeted against women. One historian, discussing the exclusion of a pregnant, unmarried woman named Dolan, argued that, “it was highly unlikely that the man who impregnated her would have been similarly excluded. Dolan’s story painfully illustrates how the incorporation of patriarchal heterosexual imperatives into immigration policy resulted in the exclusion of women who violated its order.” Of course, for practical reasons, had the father of the child entered alone, there would have been no way for inspectors to tell that he had fathered an illegitimate child. Had the father of the child entered with his pregnant girlfriend, however, both man and woman would have been excluded or forced to marry before entering the country. Eithne Luibheid, Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 3–5.
268 “I had approved exclusion”: Oscar Straus Diary, Box 22, OS.
268 In another case: File 52279-14, INS.
268 Sometimes women could use: File 53257-34, INS.
270 Oftentimes, the moral turpitude: William M. Sullivan, “The Harassed Exile: General Cipriano Castro, 1908–1924,” Americas 33, no. 2 (October 1976); J. Fred Rippy and Clyde E. Hewitt, “Cipriano Castro: ‘Man Without a Country,’ ” American Historical Review 55, no. 1 (October 1949).
270 In December 1912: NYT, December 31, 1912.
271 He arrived on: New York Herald Tribune, August 18, 1942.
271 At his hearing: File 53166-8, INS.
271 Castro had a number: WP, January 3, 1913.
272 One month after: Memorandum in the case of Cipriano Castro, January 30,
1913, Folder 39, Box 59, CN.
272 Meanwhile, New York Democrats: NYT, February 16, 1913.
272 Castro returned to America: On Castro’s 1916 visit, see File 53166-8C, INS. 272 This time, however, officials: NYT, December 8, 1924.
273 The solicitor of the Department: File 53371-25, INS.
273 The case of Marya Kocik: File 53148-19, INS.
274 Officials became: File 53986-67, INS.
274 Eva Ranc provided officials: File 54050-228, INS.
277 Eva Ranc’s case shows: Quoted in Francesco Cordasco and Thomas Monroe
Pitkin, The White Slave Trade and the Immigrants: A Chapter in American Social History (Detroit: Blaine Ethridge Books, 1981), 26.
277 There was a term for this: Outlook, November 6, 1909.
277 The imagery implied: Jane Addams, “A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil,” McClure’s Magazine, November 1911.
277 Reports began to filter: Edwin Sims, “The White Slave Trade,” Wo m a n’s Wo r l d, September 1908.
278 Ellis Island inspector Marcus Braun: File 52484-1-F, 1-G, INS.
278 French authorities complained: Letter from Marcus Braun to Commissioner General of Immigration, September 16, 1909, File 52484/1-F, INS.
279 McSweeney focused on: Letter from Edward F. McSweeney to Terence V. Powderly, July 27, 1898, Box 125, Series 2, TVP.
279 In 1908, the case: Mark Thomas Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the