American Rifle - Alexander Rose [222]
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42. C. Mather, Souldiers Counselled and Comforted . . . (Boston: Samuel Green, 1689), p. 28.
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43. J. Ferling, “The New England Soldier: A Study in Changing Perceptions,” American Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1981), p. 30.
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44. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur, “What Is an American?” in Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, ed. A. E. Stone (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 72.
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45. Axtell, “Indian Impact on English Colonial Culture,” pp. 277–78.
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46. Ibid.
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47. Crèvecoeur, “What Is an American?” pp. 84–6.
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48. R. W. Gilbert, A Picture of the Pennsylvania Germans (Gettysburg: Pennsylvania Historical Association, 1947), pp. 2–3.
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49. A. D. Graeff, “The Pennsylvania Germans as Soldiers,” in R. Wood, ed., The Pennsylvania Germans (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1942), p. 227.
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50. Gilbert, Picture of Pennsylvania Germans, p. 4. On Franklin, see A. D. Graeff, “Pennsylvania, Colonial Melting Pot,” in Wood, Pennsylvania Germans, p. 8.
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51. Quoted in Graeff, “Pennsylvania, Colonial Melting Pot,” p. 16.
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52. Wright, “Rifle in American Revolution,” p. 294; W. W. Greener, The Gun and Its Development (London: Cassell & Co., 9th ed., 1910, reprinted The Lyons Press, Guilford, Conn., 2002), pp. 620–26.; C.W. Sawyer, Firearms in American History (Boston: 3 vols. c. 1910–1939), pp. 2:32–38; Brown, Firearms in Colonial America, pp. 30, 262–63. J. G.W. Dillin, The Kentucky Rifle: A Study of the Origins . . . (Washington, D.C.: National Rifle Association of America, 1924), p. 15, claims that greased patches were introduced in America in the eighteenth century, but most authorities believe they were used in Germany for some time before that. See, for instance, B. W. Muir, “The Father of the Kentucky Rifle,” American Rifleman 119 (January 1971), p. 76, who calls it a “myth.”
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53. A. Finkelstein, The Grammar of Profit: The Price Revolution in Intellectual Context (Boston: Brill, 2006).
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54. Brown, Firearms in Colonial America, p. 28.
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55. An introduction to the Jäger rifle’s early years is Muir, “Father of the Kentucky Rifle,” pp. 30, 75–79; also see Brown, Firearms in Colonial America, pp. 260–61.
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56. There are a few isolated examples of rifle ownership in Virginia before the German emigration. When Ralph Wormeley died in 1702, he left behind twenty-one guns, including a “Rifile Gun,” while Robert Spring (d. 1683) owned a “Screw Gun.” Archaeologists have even discovered a rifle barrel abandoned sometime before 1640, making it probably the oldest in North America. H. B. Gill, The Gunsmith in Colonial Virginia (Williamsburg and Charlottesville: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation/University Press of Virginia, 1974), pp. 19–20.
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57. Dillin, Kentucky Rifle, pp. 11–12, 17–18; Graeff, “Pennsylvania Germans as Soldiers,” p. 230.
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58. On the derivation of “Kentucky rifle,” see (for the Daniel Boone thesis) Dillin, Kentucky Rifle, p. 1; for the “Hunters of Kentucky” thesis, see Kauffman’s preface in Pennsylvania-Kentucky Rifle, and Rosenberger and Kaufmann, Longrifles of Western Pennsylvania, p. xiii. For the suggestion that “Kentucky rifle” was passed down orally, see Brown, Firearms in Colonial America, p. 264.
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59. On the timing of the Jäger-Kentucky metamorphosis, see Kauffman, Pennsylvania-Kentucky Rifle, p. 8; Brown, Firearms in Colonial America, p. 264. Though Kauffman and Brown diverge on the exact date of certain developments, they agree that 1725 was the key year.
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60. Rosenberger and Kaufmann, Longrifles of