American Rifle - Alexander Rose [255]
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35. D. Rickey, Jr., Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), p. 104n21; McChristian, Army of Marksmen, pp. 34, 37;Walker, “Enlisted Soldier,” p. 126.
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36. The sources most useful for this section have been R. C. Brown, “General Emory Upton—The Army’s Mahan,” Military Affairs 17, no. 3 (1953), pp. 125–31; S. E. Ambrose, “Emory Upton and the Armies of Asia and Europe,” Military Affairs 28, no. 1 (1964), pp. 27–32; D. J. Fitzpatrick, “Emory Upton and the Citizen Soldier,” Journal of Military History 65, no. 2 (2001), pp. 355–89; Upton’s entry in American National Biography. See also S. E. Ambrose, Upton and the Army (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964). And for the view that Upton was too German-minded for American consumption and that his doctrines were poisonous to civilian-military relations, see R. F. Weigley, “The Soldier, the Statesman, and the Military Historians,” Journal of Military History 58, no. 4 (1999), esp. pp. 812–14. Fitzpatrick (above) is much more sympathetic. M. A. Weitz, “Drill, Training, and the Combat Performance of the Civil War Soldier: Dispelling the Myth of the Poor Soldier, Great Fighter,” Journal of Military History 62, no. 2 (1998), pp. 263–89, backs the Uptonian point of view.
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37. Quoted in P. D. Jamieson, Crossing the Deadly Ground: United States Infantry Tactics, 1865–1899 (Tuscaloosa, Ala./London: University of Alabama Press, 1994), p. 64.
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38. T. L. McNaugher, The M16 Controversies: Military Organizations and Weapons Acquisition (New York: Praeger, 1984), p. 18.
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39. Read the thrilling details in T. T. S. Laidley, Reply to the Charge of Infringement of Colonel Wingate’s Copyright (Boston: Mills, Knight & Co., 1879).
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40. McChristian, Army of Marksmen, pp. 41–43, 46.
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41. Ibid., p. 43.
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42. Quoted in McNaugher, M16 Controversies, p. 18.
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43. P.A. Clarke, “Skirmish Line Target Practice in the Regular Army,” Harper’s Weekly 33, no. 1714 (October 26, 1889), p. 862; McChristian, Army of Marksmen, p. 52; Jamieson, Crossing Deadly Ground, pp. 56–59.
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44. McChristian, Army of Marksmen, p. 82.
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45. D. D. Smits, “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865–1883,” Western Historical Quarterly 25, no. 3 (1994), p. 318.
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46. R. Gilmore, “ ‘The New Courage’: Rifles and Soldier Individualism, 1876–1918,” Military Affairs 40, no. 3 (1976), p. 99.
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47. McChristian, Army of Marksmen, pp. 47–58. On the creation of the “expert” class, see Gilmore, “The New Courage,” p. 99.
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48. Garavaglia and Worman, Firearms of the American West, p. 2:31; McChristian, Army of Marksmen, pp. 53–54.
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49. Upton having suffered from excruciating headaches (perhaps psychosomatic) for many years, his doctor believed he might have a brain tumor, though others cited depression and still others his “chronic catarrh.”
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50. Utley, Frontier Regulars, p. 15.
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51. On this subject, see S. P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957), pp. 222–30.
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52. Quoted in Wingate, “Early Days of the NRA,” pt.2, p.39.
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53. Congressional Record 18:295 (December 20, 1886), quoted in Derthick, National Guard, pp. 20–21.
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54. Quoted in R. M. Utley, “The Contribution of the Frontier to the American Military Tradition,” in J. P. Tate, ed., The American