American Rifle - Alexander Rose [263]
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56. Mason, “New Weapons,” p.572.
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57. Shockley, Krag-JØrgensen Rifle, pp. 50–54.
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Chapter 8
1. W. R. Roberts, “Reform and Revitalization, 1890–1903,” in K. J. Hagan and W. R. Roberts, eds., Against All Enemies: Interpretations of American Military History from Colonial Times to the Present (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 198–201. Good summaries of the tussle between commanding generals and the secretary of war can be found in E. Ranson, “Nelson A. Miles as Commanding General, 1895–1903,” Military Affairs 24, no. 4 (1965–66), pp. 181–82; P. L. Semsch, “Elihu Root and the General Staff,” Military Affairs 27, no.1 (1963), pp. 16–18. See also R. F. Weigley, History of the United States Army (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), pp. 138, 285–90.
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2. G.A. Cosmas, “Military Reform After the Spanish-American War: The Army Reorganization Fight of 1898–1899,” Military Affairs 35, no. 1 (1971), pp. 12–18; and Cosmas, “From Order to Chaos: The War Department, the National Guard, and Military Policy, 1898,” Military Affairs 29, no. 3 (1965), pp. 105–22. On Miles’s background in Boston, see R. M. Utley’s introduction to N. A. Miles, Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles (1896; reprint New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), p. vi.
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3. “Army Reorganization,” New York Times, December 9, 1898, p. 6; Ranson, “Nelson A. Miles,” pp. 188–89;Weigley, History of the Army, pp. 311–12.
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4. “Roosevelt was a youngster. He didn’t know much about business or business affairs. He got caught in a little inconsistency of an affidavit about his tax,” wrote Root later, not completely believably. See P. C. Jessup, Elihu Root (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1938), pp. 1:198–99.
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5. Ibid., pp. 1:215–17.
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6. E. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann & Geohagen, 1979), pp. 481–514.
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7. Jessup, Elihu Root, p. 1:254.
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8. Work on the subject of Taylorism is voluminous. For the basics, see R. Kanigel’s excellent biography, The One Best Way: Frederick W. Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency (New York: Viking, 1997); D. Nelson, Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980); H. L. Schachter, Frederick Taylor and the Public Administration Community: A Reevaluation (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989); and of course, Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management (1911), available online at www.eldritchpress.org/fwt/taylor.htm.
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9. Quoted in R. W. Stewart, ed., American Military History: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917 (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2005), p. 369.
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10. Jessup, Elihu Root, p. 1:223.
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11. Ibid., p. 1:242. See also L. Cantor, “Elihu Root and the National Guard: Friend or Foe?” Military Affairs 33, no. 3 (1969), p. 363.
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12. Semsch, “Root and General Staff,” pp. 19–20; Jessup, Elihu Root, pp. 1:241–43. Roosevelt was “delighted with Upton’s book, and I think you rendered a great service in publishing it.” However, he felt that Upton emphasized too much “length of service” by “regulars”: these terms “amount to nothing whatever” without good, competent leadership. See Roosevelt to Root, February 16, 1904, in L. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (New York: Library of America, 2004), pp. 313–15.
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13. Jessup, Elihu Root, pp. 1:252–53.
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14. Quoted in Semsch, “Root and General Staff,” p. 22. On Root’s initial attempt to work with Miles, see Jessup, Elihu Root, p. 1:244. Harper’s Weekly (“This