Architecture - Andrew Ballantyne [57]
Villa Capra, Vicenza, Italy (1569); architect: Andrea Palladio (1508–80) (Figure 15)
Whitehall Banqueting House (1619–22); architect: Inigo Jones (1573–1652)
Mausoleum of the Taj Mahal, Agra, India (1630–53); architect: Ustad ‘Isa (dates unknown) (Figure 23)
St Paul’s Cathedral, London, England (1675–1710); architect: Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723)
Plate glass first produced in France (1688)
Chiswick Villa, London, England (1725); Lord Burlington (1694–1753) (Figure 16)
Wieskirche, Steinhausen, Bavaria, Germany (1745–54); architect: Dominikus Zimmerman (1681–1766) (Figure 11)
Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia (1796–1808); architect: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1836) (Figure 12)
Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England (1815–21); architect: John Nash (1752–1835) (Figure 3)
Gothic Revival: Palace of Westminster, London, England (1836–68); architect: Sir Charles Barry (1795–1860) with A. W. N. Pugin (1812–52) (Figure 5)
Early use of cast iron: Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London (1851); architect: Joseph Paxton (1803–65); designed as a temporary exhibition building
Steam-powered elevator patented by Elisha G. Otis (1861)
First electric elevator built by Werner von Siemens (1880)
Expiatory Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (begun 1882); architect: Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) (Figure 22)
Early use of a cast-iron structural frame: Home Insurance Co. Office Building, Chicago, Illinois (1883–5); architects: William Le Baron Jenney (1832–1907) and William B. Mundie (1893–1939). This is a prominent ten-storey office building.
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889); architect: Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923)
Steel-reinforced concrete devised in 1892 by the Belgian engineer François Hennebique (1842–1921)
Art Nouveau: Métro entrance surrounds, Paris, France (1899–1905), using prefabricated cast-iron panels; architect: Hector Guimard (1867–1942) (Figure 21)
Machine-drawn cylinder glass first produced in USA (1903)
First real skyscraper: Woolworth Building, New York (1910–13); architect: Cass Gilbert (1850–1934). This was the tallest building in the world until 1930.
Chicago Tribune Tower, Chicago, Illinois (1923–5); architects: John Mead Howells (1868–1959) and Raymond Hood (1881–1934) (Figure 20)
Schröder house, Utrecht, Netherlands (1924); architect: Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964) (Figure 9)
Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau, Paris, France (1925); architect: Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, 1887–1965)
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France (1928–30); architect: Le Corbusier (1887–1965)
Empire State Building, New York (1929–31); architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
Falling Water, Bear Run, Pennsylvania (1936–9); architect: Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) (Figure 10)
Seagram Building, Manhattan, New York City (1954–8); architect: Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) and Philip Johnson (born 1906) (Figure 18)
Chandigarh, Punjab, India (1950–65); architect: Le Corbusier (1887–1965) (Figure 6)
Opera House, Sydney, Australia (1957–73); architect: Jorn Utson (born 1918) (Figure 19)
Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (1977); architects: Renzo Piano (born 1937) and Richard Rogers (born 1933) (Figure 25)
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain (1997); architect: Frank Gehry (born 1929) (Figure 24)
Glossary
Baroque: This is a stylistic development of classical architecture, where the building is overlaid with ornamental work, often including statuary and illusionistic painted murals and ceilings. It developed in 16th-century Italy, and was widespread throughout Europe in the 17th. The most floridly grand style of architecture. See Rococo.
broken pediment: a pediment with a gap in the middle.
cella: the enclosed room in a classical temple.
CIAM: Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne (international congresses of modern architecture), a series of meetings held between 1928 and 1956, dominated