Armageddon - Max Hastings [385]
“He was of small stature”: Djilas, op. cit., p. 386.
“Our benefactor thinks”: Quoted Figes, op. cit., p. 496.
“Stalin loses”: Sebag Montefiore, op. cit., p. 476.
“They died in the hundreds”: The former figure is a reliable minimum, but even the best modern researchers agree that all estimates are wildly speculative; see Anne Applebaum, Gulag (Penguin: 2003), passim.
“Who but us could have”: Quoted Senyavshaya, op. cit., p. 20.
“A quarter of all deportees”: Applebaum, op. cit., p. 525.
“Beria reported to Stalin”: RSA, 9401 om.2 g.66 1–1 430, 1–1 427.
“It was nauseating”: The Memoirs of General the Lord Ismay (Heinemann: 1960), p. 233.
“Three months earlier”: F. H. Hinsley and others, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. iii, part 2 (HMSO, 1988), p. 283.
“On 31 July”: Ibid.
“Lieutenant-General Wladyslaw Anders”: Letter to Lieutenant-Colonel Marian Dortycz-Malewicz, 8.31.44, quoted Norman Davies, Rising ’44 (Macmillan: 2003), pp. 348–50.
“Army Krajowa considers”: RMDA, vol. xv 3(1), pp. 433, 436–7.
“Sceptical civilians”: Ibid.
“A Western correspondent quizzed”: Werth, op. cit., p. 877.
“In November, Alexander felt”: See British official history The Mediterranean and the Middle East, vol. vi, part III (HMSO: 1988), passim and appendix 7, and private information Professor Sir Michael Howard, MC.
“We don’t want British”: Werth, op. cit., p. 878.
“Why die for Stalin”: Leaflet found by the Algonquin Regiment 10.27.44, quoted Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, The Battle of the Scheldt (Souvenir Press: 1984), pp. 208–9.
“Within a very short space”: Senyavshaya, op. cit., p. 115.
“Even the most distinguished”: Norman Davies, Rising ’44 (Macmillan: 2003), passim. I am much indebted to Professor Davies for the opportunity to read his book in manuscript.
“George Orwell, almost alone”: Tribune, 9.1.44.
“I am informed by my officers”: Werth, op. cit., p. 878.
“the clown in the circus”: Konstantin Rokossovsky, A Soldier’s Duty (Moscow: Progress, 1968).
“He also cherished”: The absence of such sentiment fuelled his animosity towards the Poles, and did not prevent the Soviet Union from asserting in its standard school history text on the Second World War which continued to be used as late as 1985 that “The Polish people, who had groaned for five years under the Fascist yoke, joyfully greeted their liberators. The Polish patriots set up a Polish National Liberation Committee. The forces of internal reaction, in order to prevent the patriotic NLC from being established, decided to mount an uprising in Warsaw” (I. V. Bekhin and others, Istoriya SSSR, trans. and ed. Graham Lyons [Leo Cooper: 1976], p. 71).
“The British and Americans are”: RMDA, vol. xv 5/4, p. 269.
“The interview was not”: Ibid., p. 283.
“An officer of the Army Krajowa”: AI Major Kazimierz Sztermal.
“We have been treated”: Quoted Davies, op. cit., p. 383.
“These people [the Home Army]”: Quoted in Churchill telegram to Roosevelt, 8.22.44, quoted Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory (Heinemann: 1986), p. 925.
“Nazi and Soviet repressions”: Davies, op. cit., p. 420.
“Is this the road”: Djilas, op. cit., p. 416.
“We knew that Warsaw”: AI Alexandr Markov.
“I felt terrible about”: AI Yelena Kogan.
“When you look at them”: Quoted Senyavshaya, op. cit., p. 121.
“It never looked easy”: AI Anna Nikyunas.
“It was a great thing”: AI Yury Ryakhovsky.
“It was a wonderful life”: AI Pavel Nikiforov.
“It was good to be out”: AI Anatoly Osminov.
“We were different people”: AI Nikolai Timoshenko.
“Where are we”: AI Gennady Klimenko.
“We were so used to living”: AI Nikolai Timoshenko.
“Higher commands were”: See RMDA, vol. xv 5/4, passim and documents collected in The Great Patriotic War, Book 3: Liberation (Nauka: 1999), Report of the State Defence Committee, Moscow.
“I’ve been waiting four”: AI Vasily Kudryashov.
“Here in the east”: Quoted Bartov, op. cit., pp. 130–1.
“Increasingly during the last two”: Ibid., p. 168.