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Jackson, Ralph. Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire (London: British Museum Press, 2000)

Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire (reprint, London: Routledge, 1998)

Levick, Barbara. Tiberius the Politician (London and New York: Routledge, 1999)

Meijer, Fik. The Gladiators: History’s Most Deadly Sport (London: Souvenir Press, 2004)

Powell, Anthony, and Kathryn Welch, eds. Sextus Pompeius (London: Classical Press of Wales and Duckworth, 2002)

Southern, Pat. Augustus (London and New York: Routledge, 1998)

Stambaugh, John E. The Ancient Roman City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988)

Van Hoof, Anton J. L. From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity (London: Routledge, 1990)

Walker, Susan, and Peter Higgs. Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth (London: British Museum Press, 2001)

Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, and Jacob Isager. Divination and Portents in the Roman World (Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press, 2000)

Williams, Craig A. Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (London: Oxford University Press, 1999)

Some monuments of Victorian and early-twentieth-century scholarship retain their value, if consulted with care, as reservoirs of interesting but often obscure information. They include William Smith’s splendid Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1870), and Samuel Ball Platner’s A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, revised by Thomas Ashby in 1929 (now challenged by L. Richardson’s A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992]). Smith, Platner, and other compendiums can be found gratis on one or other of two excellent websites: Ancient Library, www.ancientlibrary.com, and Lacus Curtius http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.htm.

* See p. 240.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

* * *

A generous grant from the Authors’ Foundation enabled me to visit places associated with Augustus’ career. I am most grateful to Dr. Irene Jacopi, director of the Palatine Hill and the Roman Forum, and architect Giovanna Tedone, both of the Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici di Roma, for taking the trouble to show me around the houses of Augustus and Livia (closed to the public for restoration).

The London Library, its helpful staff and its wide collection, greatly assisted my researches.

I am grateful to the following copyright-holders for reproduction permissions: Roman Forum reconstruction by John Connolly, akg-images; Palatine Hill, Photo Scala, Florence; Julius Caesar, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Mark Antony at Kingston Lacy, Bankes Collection, the National Trust; Sextus Pompeius, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg; a Roman warship at the Gregorio Profano Museum, the Vatican Museums; water-color of Alexandria by J-P Golvin, George Braziller, Inc.; Cleopatra, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Octavia, Museo Nazionale Romano, Roma; Livia, Musei Capitolini, Roma, author’s photograph; Augustus, trustees of the British Museum; Agrippa, Musée du Louvre; Ara Pacis at Rome, Alinari; Tiberius at the museum of Ventotene, author’s photograph; Gaius Caesar, trustees of the British Museum; Agrippa Postumus, Musei Capitolini, author’s photograph; Gemma Augustea, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien oder KHM, Vienna; Room of the Masks, Photo Scala, Florence; Augustus of Prima Porta, Alinari.

When quoting from Roman poets, I have used the following translations: James Michie’s Odes of Horace (Penguin Books, 1964: copyright David Higham Associates); Niall Rudd’s Satires and Epistles of Horace (Penguin Books, 1979); Peter Green’s versions of Ovid, Erotic Poems (Penguin Books, 1964) and Poems of Exile (Penguin Books, 1994: copyright David Higham Associates); Cecil Day Lewis’s Aeneid by Virgil (Oxford University Press, 1952); and E. V. Rieu’s Eclogues by Virgil (Penguin Books, 1949). I have used John Carter’s translations of Appian, The Civil Wars, and Cassius Dio, The Age of Augustus (Penguin Books, 1996 and 1987); D. R.