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90. Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 315–16; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 35–37; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 232–33, 237; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for July 23, 1865, Duke Univ.; Williamson, After Slavery, 250–51, and the sources cited in note 86.

91. Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Nov. 3, 24, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Dennett, The South As It Is, 240; Andrews, The South since the War, 27; New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, 1865; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 232; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 532; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

92. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 142; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 193; New York Times, Sept. 7, Dec. 1, 1865; Williamson, After Slavery, 251–52; Wharton, Negro in Reconstruction, 59, 218; Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 130.

93. New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, Dec. 27, 1865, Dec. 19, 1867; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 23, 1865; Christian Recorder, Dec. 30, 1865, Feb. 24, 1866; New York Times, Dec. 31, 1865.

94. New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 21, 1865; Andrews, The South since the War, 207.

95. Bürge, Diary, 114; Dennett, The South As It Is, 275; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 192, Part III, 30, 31; New York Times, Dec. 27, 28, 29, 1865; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Dec. 25, 1865), 57; Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 131; Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entry for Nov. 26, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

96. Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 224–25; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 131–32. See also New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 19, 1867.

97. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 204–06. See also Christian Recorder, Feb. 24, 1866. The Emancipation Day celebration in Richmond is described in Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 401–02.

98. Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entries for Dec. 5, 25, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, Dec. 19, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 215–16; Capt. D. Corbin to H. W. Smith, Feb. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 188.

99. E. W. Everson to Bvt. Maj. Edward Deane, Jan. 17, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Jan. 29, 1866), 73–74; Montgomery, “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” 250; New York Times, Jan. 8, 1866; Kolchin, First Freedom, 9–10; Williamson, After Slavery, 39, 105–06.

100. Ravenel, Private Journal, 272; Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 128, 130–31.

101. New York Times, Feb. 28, 1868; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 167; Reid, After the War, 446–47. See also 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 273; Sarah M. Payne to Mary Clenden-in, Dec. 14, 1867, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; and Reid, After the War, 455.

102. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 87–91.

103. Bragg, Louisiana in the Confederacy, 213–14; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 236–37; Allen S. Izard to Mrs. William Mason Smith, Sept. 26, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 236.

104. South Carolina Leader, Dec. 9, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 203. For black views on the respective merits of the share and wage systems, see also Maj. M. R. Delany to Bvt. Lt. Col. H. W. Smith, Aug. 1, 1866, and B. F. Randolph to Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott, Aug. 6, 1867, Records