Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [480]
4. New York Times, Oct. 11, 1866; New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 27, 1866.
5. Christian Recorder, Oct. 28, 1865; Rogers, Thomas County, 1865–1900, 8, 13.
6. Andrews, The South since the War, 131, 188; Dennett, The South As It Is, 149, 175; New York Times, Oct. 24, 1865, Nov. 19, 1866; Proceedings of the Convention of the Colored People of Virginia, Held in the City of Alexandria, Aug. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1865 (Alexandria, 1865), 4, 11.
7. New Orleans Tribune, Jan. 15, 1865.
8. Christian Recorder, April 21, 1866.
9. See, e.g., Loyal Georgian, July 6, 1867 (H. M. Turner); Christian Recorder, Sept. 30 (R. H. Cain), Nov. 25 (T. G. Campbell), 1865, April 21, 1866 (R. H. Cain), May 4 (J. J. Wright), 11 (H. M. Turner), Aug. 17 (H. M. Turner), Oct. 12 (M. R. Delany), 1867, Feb. 1, 1868 (H. M. Turner), June 26, 1869 (M. R. Delany); Cardozo to Rev. George Whipple, Oct. 21, 1865, Cardozo to Rev. E. P. Smith, Nov. 4, 1867, March 9, 1868, Wright to Rev. Samuel Hunt, Dec. 4, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; T. G. Campbell, Sufferings of the Rev. T. G. Campbell and His Family, in Georgia (Washington, D.C., 1877); H. M. Turner, “Speech on the Eligibility of Colored Members to Seats in the Georgia Legislature … September 3d, 1868,” in George A. Singleton, The Romance of African Methodism: A Study of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (New York, 1952), Appendix B, 1–16.
10. Williamson, After Slavery, 26–30; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 57–58.
11. Dennett, The South As It Is, 150; Andrews, The South since the War, 123, 131.
12. Dennett, The South As It Is, 150–51; New Orleans Tribune, May 7, 1867 (Letter from Mobile); “Proceedings of the State Convention of the Colored People of Tennessee,” in Colored Tennessean, Aug. 12, 1865.
13. Convention of the Colored People of Virginia (Aug. 1865), 10; New Orleans Tribune, March 15, 1865. For Horace Greeley’s message, see Convention of the Freedmen of North Carolina (Sept.-Oct. 1865), 9–11.
14. Proceedings of the Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia, Assembled at Augusta, January 10th, 1866 (Augusta, 1866), 21, 23; New Orleans Tribune, July 18, 1865 (Letter from Mobile).
15. New Orleans Tribune, Jan. 20, Feb. 1, 1865. Similar editorial advice may be found in the issues of March 7, April 25, 1865, May 1, 19, June 12, 1867.
16. Dennett, The South As It Is, 152–53; J. W. Alvord, Seventh Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen, January 1, 1869, 50.
17. On free-born “colored society,” see Berlin, Slaves Without Masters; Marina Wikramanayake, A World in Shadow: The Free Black in Antebellum South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1973); Constance McLaughlin Green, The Secret City: A History of Race Relations in the Nation’s Capital (Princeton, 1967); and Blassingame, Black New Orleans.
18. Bruce, The New Man, 79; W. L. Tilden, Washington, D.C., Feb. 12, 1866 (Ms. report), American Missionary Assn. Archives; John E. Bruce, Washington’s Colored Society (n.p., 1877; typewritten copy in Schomburg Collection, New York Public Library).
19. Williamson, After Slavery, 314. For an examination of “colored society,” as “moulded by outside forces,” see Rev. T. G. Steward, “Colored Society,” Christian Recorder, Nov. 9, 16, 23, Dec. 14, 28, 1876, Jan. 11, 18, 1877.
20. New Orleans Tribune, Feb. 19, 1869. For similar sentiments, see the issues of Dec. 6, 29, 1864, March 28, June 30, 1865. But for the persistence of divisiveness, see, e.g., Semi-Weekly Louisianian, May 25, 1871.
21. Christian Recorder, April 21, 1866.
22. New York Tribune, Nov. 29, 1865 (Convention of Colored People, South Carolina).
23. Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia (Jan. 1866), 19. See also Convention of the Freedmen of North Carolina (Sept.-Oct. 1865), 14.
24. Colored American, Jan. 6, 1866. See also New York Tribune, Nov. 29, 1865 (Convention of Colored People, South Carolina); Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia (Jan. 1866), 18.
25. Convention of the Freedmen