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28 Paul Aussaresses, The Battle of the Casbah. Counter-Terrorism and Torture (New York 2005) pp. 33ff.

29 Entry dated 9 March 1956 in Mouloud Feraoun, Journal 1955-1962. Reflections on the French-Algerian War trans. Mary Ellen Wolf and Claude Fouillade (Lincoln, Nebraska 2000) pp. 84-5

30 Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Wars. The End of Britain’s Asian Empire (London 2007) p. 489

31 Horne, Savage War of Peace pp. 262-3

32 Martha Crenshaw Hutchinson, Revolutionary Terrorism. The FLN in Algeria 1954-1965 (Stanford 1978) pp. 121-2

33 Benjamin Stora, Algeria 1830-2000 (Ithaca 2001) pp. 51-2

34 Alf Andrew Heggoy, Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria (Bloomington, Indiana 1972) p. 236

35 Aussaresses, Battle of the Casbah p. 77

36 Hoffman, Inside Terrorism p. 58

37 Horne, Savage War of Peace p. 186

38 Alexander Zervoudakis, ‘A Case of Successful Pacification: The 584th Bataillon du Train at Bordj de l’Agha (1956-57)’ in Martin Alexander and J. F. V. Krieger (eds), France and the Algerian War 1954-62. Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy(London 2002) pp. 54-64

39 Tony Walker and Andrew Gowers, Arafat. The Biography (London 2003) pp. 20-32

40 On Habash see John K. Cooley, Green March, Black September. The Story of the Palestinian Arabs (London 1973) pp. 133ff.

41 Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom vol. 1: 1918-1962 (London 2002) p. 135

42 T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom. Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley 1975)

43 The best recent history of South Africa is R. W. Johnson, South Africa. The First Man, the Last Nation (London 2004) especially pp. 139ff.

44 David Harrison, The White Tribe of Africa (Berkeley 1981) p. 129

45 Ibid., pp. 301-400 for Mandela’s account of these debates

46 Oliver Tambo, Beyond the Engeli Mountains (Durban 2004) pp. 318ft”

47 For these details see Stephen M. Davis, Apartheid’s Rebels. Inside South Africa’s Hidden War (New Haven 1987) pp. 36ff.

48 Adrian Guelke, Terrorism and Global Disorder (London 2006) p. 224

49 Steven Mufson, Fighting Years. Black Resistance and the Struggle for a New South Africa (Boston 1990) pp. 199-200

50 For examples see Francis Meli, South Africa Belongs to Us. A History of the ANC (London 1989) pp. 195-8

51 See the website ‘Afriforum’ for these issues

Chapter 5: Attention-Seeking: Black September and International Terrorism

1 On the early history of hijacking see Timothy Naftali, Blind Spot. The Secret History of American Counterterrorism (New York 2005) pp. 19ff.

2 Patrick Seale, Abu Nidal. A Gun for Hire (London 1992) pp. 77-8

3 Tony Walker and Andrew Gowers, Arafat. The Biography (London 2003) p. 139

4 Simon Reeves, One Day in September (London 2000) p. 41

5 On the leadership see Christopher Dobson, Black September (London 1974) pp. 51ff.

6 For these biographical details see Michael Bar-Zohar and Eitan Haber, The Quest for the Red Prince (Guilford, Connecticut 1983) pp. 92ff.

7 For these quotations see William R. Farrell, Blood and Rage. The Story of the Japanese Red Army (Lexington, Massachusetts 1990) pp. 130-44

8 See especially Aaron J. Klein, Striking Back. The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel’s Deadly Response (New York 2005)

9 Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat. A Political Biography (London 2003) pp. 63-5

10 Dobson, Black September p. 129

11 Bruce Hoffman ‘All You Need is Love: How the Terrorists Stopped Terrorism’ Atlantic Monthly December 2001. Since Hoffman is one of the world’s leading authorities on terrorism, there seems little reason to doubt this story, even if his Palestinian interlocutors obviously seek to exonerate PLO terrorism

12 On this see Yossi Melman, The Master Terrorist. The True Story behind Abu Nidal (New York 1986) pp. 108ff.

13 Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, The Carlos Complex. A Pattern of Violence (London 1977) pp. 103ff.

Chapter 6: Guilty