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” Journal of Sport History 26 (1), Spring 1999: 32. See this extensive research on the international phenomenon of nineteenth-century women walkers that demonstrated their strength and endurance through sporting contests and their eventual marginalization after years of competition because Victorian beliefs conflicted with the development of physical culture for women. In Shaulis’s journal article, he references Estby’s walk across America and refers to one other female pedestrian, Spanish immigrant Zoe Gayton, who achieved a transcontinental walk from California to New York accompanied by two men in 1891. For her achievement, she won a $2000 wager (New York Times, March 28, 1891).

14. Women’s Journal, December 30, 1876, p. 421.

15. “Pedestriennes,” 41.

16. Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1879, p. 9.

17. “Pedestriennes,” 43.

18. S. Stage, Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women’s Medicine (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1979).

19. H. Green, The Light in the Home (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), 117.

20. P. Vertinksy, “Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Pursuit of Health and Physical Fitness as a Strategy for Emancipation,” Journal of Sport History 16 (1), 1989: 13. This was also known as the “Age of the Womb” by some doctors who were quite concerned over women’s nervous ailments. As Dr. George Beard wrote in 1879, “It seems almost impossible for any woman to suffer from general neurasthenia without developing sooner or later some trouble of the womb or of the ovary.” When Helga needed to testify of her “problems to the womb” at her trial after the debilitating fall on Riverside Ave., her actions showed that a “semi-invalid” condition held no status for a busy mother. The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892 creatively portrays the effects of the medical treatment given to wealthier women who required complete bed rest.

21. From a November 15, 1884, letter from Jane Addams to her stepbrother George, in G. Diliberto, A Useful Woman (New York: Scribner, 1999), 110.

22. J.J. Lorence, Enduring Visions Reading (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1993), 85.

23. “Women Walkers Reach Plymouth Saturday Night,” Plymouth Republic, November 19, 1896, p. 6.

24. Ibid.

12 | AN ELECTRIFYING PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

1. L. Ashby, William Jennings Bryan: Champion of Democracy (Boston, Mass.: Twayne Publishers, 1987), 62.

2. P. Glad, McKinley, Bryan and the People (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1964), 176.

3. L Ashby, William Jennings Bryan, 64.

4. Ibid., 41–71.

5. Ibid., 53.

6. R. Edwards and S. DeFeo, “1896: The Presidential Campaign. Cartoons & Commentary,” http://iberia.vassar.edu/1896/1896home.html [June 2002].

7. L. Ashby, William Jennings Bryan, 69.

8. “Women Walkers,” Minneapolis Tribune, June 2, 1897, p. 4.

9. Ibid.

10. “Mrs. William J. Bryan,” New York Sunday World, August 23, 1896, p. 17.

11. “Women Walkers,” p. 4.

12. “More Pedestrians,” Des Moines Leader, October 15, 1896, p. 5.

13. “Walking to Win $10,000,” Des Moines Register, October 17, 1896, p. 2.

14. Ibid.

15. “They are Here,” Daily Iowa Capital, October 17, 1896, p. 5.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. “Two Women Afoot,” Davenport Democrat, October 24, 1896, p. 1.

13 | EARNING THEIR OWN WAY

1. “Two Women Tramps,” Lebanon Daily News, December 19, 1896, p. 1.

2. P. Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People: Critical Periods of History (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1964).

3. Ibid., 179.

4. Ibid., 170.

5. L. Ashby, William Jennings Bryan: Champion of Democracy (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987), 67.

6. Ibid., 67.

7. Ibid., 41.

8. “Are Tramping to New York,” Chicago Evening Post, November 7, 1896, p. 1.

9. Ibid.

10. C. Schwantes, Coxey’s Army: An American Odyssey (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1994), 13.

11. “Diphtheria in Chicago,” New York Twice-a-Week World, November 23, 1896, p. 1.

12. G. Diliberto, A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams (New York: Scribner, 1999), 17. Also, see Ronald White and C. Howard Hopkin’s Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in