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Press was carried by its owner Morris B. Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors. In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come.

Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large

Copyright © 2011 by Martin Meredith

Published in the United States by PublicAffairs™,

a Member of the Perseus Books Group

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, Suite 1321, New York, NY 10107.

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PICTURE CREDITS

2, 8, 13, 21, 22, 27, 34, 37, 38, 41 © Corbis

3, 6, 7, 12, 18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33 © Science Photo Library

1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 28, 35, 40, 42 © Getty Images

23, 36 © David L. Brill/Brill Atlanta

5, 39 © University of the Witwatersrand Archives Johannesburg

20 © Pennsylvania State University

4, p.d. (E.H.P.A. Haeckel, The Evolution of Life, 1879)

eISBN : 978-1-586-48838-3

1. Human evolution—Africa. 2. Human beings—Africa—Origin.

3. Human evolution—Tanzania—Olduvai Gorge. 4. Excavations

(Archaeology)—Africa—History. 5. Human remains (Archaeology)—

Africa—History. 6. Africa—Antiquities. I. Title.

GN281.M663 2011

960’.1—dc22

2010043985