Bryson's Dictionary for Writers and Editors - Bill Bryson [138]
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GLOSSARY
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Grammatical terms are, to quote Frank Palmer, “largely notional and often extremely vague.” In “I went swimming,” for instance, swimming is a present participle; but in “Swimming is good for you,” it is a gerund. Because such distinctions are for many of us a source of continuing perplexity, I have tried to use most such terms sparingly throughout the book. Inevitably, however, they do sometimes appear, and the following is offered as a simple guide for those who are confused or need refreshing. For a fuller discussion, I recommend A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage by Bergen and Cornelia Evans and A Concise Dictionary of Correct English by B. A. Phythian.
adjective. A word that qualifies a noun or pronoun: “a brick house,” “a small boy,” “a blue dress.” Most adjectives have three forms: the positive (big), the comparative (bigger), and the superlative (biggest). Although adjectives are usually easy to recognize when they stand before a noun, they are not always so easily discerned when they appear elsewhere in a sentence, as here: “He was deaf” “I’m glad to be alive” “She’s awake now.” Adjectives sometimes function as nouns (the old, the poor, the sick, the insane) and sometimes as adverbs (a bitter cold night, a quick-witted man). The distinction between an adjective and an adverb is often very fine. In “a great book,” great is an adjective, but in “a great many books,” it is an adverb.
adverb. A word that qualifies (or describes) any word other than a noun. That may seem a loose definition, but, as Palmer says, the classification is “quite clearly a ‘ragbag’ or ‘dustbin,’ the category into which words that do not seem to belong elsewhere are placed.” In general, adverbs qualify verbs (badly played), adjectives (too loud), or other adverbs (very quickly). As with adjectives, they have the three forms of positive, comparative, and superlative (seen respectively in long, longer, longest). A common misconception is the belief that words that end in -ly are always adverbs. Kindly, sickly, masterly, and deadly, for example, are usually adjectives.
case. The term describes relationships or syntactic functions between parts of speech. A pronoun is in the nominative case (sometimes called the subjective) when it is the subject of a verb (“He is here”) and in the accusative (sometimes called the objective) when it is the object of a verb or preposition (“Give it to him”). Except for six pairs of pronouns (I/me, he/him, she/her, they/them, we/us, and who/whom) and the genitive (which see), English has shed all its case forms.
clause. A group of words that contains a true verb (i.e., a verb functioning as such) and subject. The sentence “The house, which was built in 1920, was white” contains two clauses: “The house was white” and “which was built in 1920.” The first, which would stand on its own, is called a main or principal or independent clause. The second, which would not stand on its own, is called a dependent or subordinate clause.
Sometimes the subject is suppressed in