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Theory: Appraising the Field (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), p. 221. As Ray points out, one of the most convincing arguments on behalf of the progressivity of the broader research program is that so many of the diverse auxiliary hypotheses that it has engendered have proven to have some merit.

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Several of the auxiliary hypotheses have also involved sophisticated research using a variety of statistical, formal and case study methods. On the hypothesis that democracies tend to win the wars in which they participate, for example, see Dan Reiter and Alan Stam, Democracies at War, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002). This study uses both statistical and case study methods. See also David Lake, “Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 86, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 24-37. For a critique of these works that turns on methodological issues, see Michael Desch, “Democracy and Victory: Why Régime Type Hardly Matters,” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Fall 2002), pp. 5-47. For rejoinders, see David Lake, “Fair Fights? Evaluating Theories of Democracy and Victory”; Dan Reiter and Alan Stam, “Understanding Victory: Why Political Institutions Matter”; and Michael Desch, “Democracy and Victory: Fair Fights or Food Fights?” in International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 154-194.

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Miriam Fendius Elman, ed., Paths to Peace: Is Democracy the Answer? (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997).

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James Lee Ray, Democracies and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Process (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 1-9.

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Ibid., p. 11.

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Dean V. Babst, “Elective Governments: A Force for Peace,” Wisconsin Sociologist, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1964), pp. 9-14.

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Melvin Small and J. David Singer, “The War-Proneness of Democratic Regimes,” Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1976), pp. 50-69.

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Rudolph J. Rummel, War, Power, Peace (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979); Steve Chan, “Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall … Are the Freer Countries More Pacific?” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 28, No. 4 (December 1984), pp. 617-648; Erich Weede, “Democracy and War Involvement,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 28, No. 4 (December 1984), pp. 649-664; Michael Doyle, “Liberalism and World Politics,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 1151-1161; Nasrian Abdolali and Zeev Maoz, “Regime Types and International Conflict, 1817- 1976,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 3-35; and Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett, “Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 3 (September 1993), pp. 624-638.

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David Rousseau et al., “Assessing the Dyadic Nature of the Democratic Peace,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, No. 3 (September 1996), pp. 512-533.

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T. Clifton Morgan and Valerie L. Schwebach, “Take Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: A Prescription for Peace?” International Interactions, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1992), p. 305; Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and David Lalman, War and Reason (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); and William J. Dixon, “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 1 (March 1994), pp. 14-32.

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Jack Snyder and Edward D. Mansfield make a monadic argument that states in transition to democracy are particularly prone to war. See Jack Snyder and Edward D. Mansfield, “Democratization and the Danger of War,” International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 5-38. In their subsequent book on this topic, these authors use both statistical tests and case studies to elaborate upon this argument. See Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, forthcoming).

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Maoz and Russett, “Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace”; and Stuart A. Bremer, “Democracy and Militarized Interstate