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42. Sol Dollinger, “Festival Gaiety,” 5.

43. Ibid., 7.

44. Ibid., 9.

45. Sol Dollinger to Margaret Raucher, Mar. 2, 1999, author’s collection.

46. Sol Dollinger, “Formative Years,” 2.

47. Ibid., 3.

48. Sol wrote scathingly about the war to Genora in April 1942. “[War] is a curse to millions. No one wants it and yet you can’t avoid it. . . . It islike the dregs of quicksand. You’re lost once it grips you” He remarked that FDR “wants to find a name for the war.” Sol nominated this title: “The Vulture’s Feast.” Dollinger Collection, box 1, folders 3–6, Reuther Library.

49. Sol to Genora, Mar. 4, 1942, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folders 3–6, Reuther Library.

4. Genora’s War

1. Ruth Milkman, Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1987), 37, 39.

2. An instructive article on this topic is in Olga Domanski, “Women Workers in the Auto Industry: The Immediate Post–World War II Experience,” unpublished essay, n.d., 1–2. A copy of this essay can be found in the Dollinger Collection, box 2, folder 15, Reuther Library, and in the Dollinger Collection, Los Angeles.

3. Angela G. Dorenkamp, et al., eds., Images of Women in American Popular Culture, 2d ed. (Ft. Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace, 1995), 293.

4. Sol to Genora, Mar. 15, 1942, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folders 3–6, Reuther Library.

5. Ibid., Mar. 17, 1942, Reuther Library.

6. Ibid., Mar. 11, 1942, Reuther Library.

7. Ibid., May 2, 1942, Reuther Library.

8. Genora to Sol, Sept. 20, 1942, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folders 3–6, Reuther Library.

9. Genora Dollinger, “Today,” Dollinger Collection, Los Angeles.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Sol Dollinger, “Escape from the Black List,” unpublished essay, n.d., 1, Dollinger Collection, Los Angeles.

13. Ibid.

14. Sol and Genora Dollinger, interview with Neil Leighton, Oct. 21, 1993, Dollinger Collection, Los Angeles (hereafter Leighton interview).

15. Sol Dollinger, “Escape,” 3.

16. Ibid.

17. Rosenthal, Striking Flint, 33.

18. Sol Dollinger, “Escape,” 5.

19. Leighton interview, Oct. 21, 1993.

20. Rosenthal, Striking Flint, 33.

21. Sol Dollinger, “Escape,” 5.

22. Interview by Socialist Worker Party of Genora Dollinger, Oct. 20, 1993, Dollinger Collection, box 4, folder 31, Reuther Library (hereafter SWP interview).

23. Nelson Lichtenstein, “Auto Workers Militancy and the Structure of Factory Life, 1937–1955,” in Journal of American History 67.2 (Spring 1980): 339.

24. Sol Dollinger, “Escape,” 6. See also Judith Stephen-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin, Left Out: Reds and America’s Industrial Unions (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003), 101–7, for a discussion of other caucuses.

25. Lichtenstein, “Auto Workers,” 336, 337.

26. Sol to Genora, Dollinger Collection, box 2, folder 30, Reuther Library.

27. Ibid.

28. Kermit Johnson to Genora, Apr. 9, 1943, Dollinger Collection, box 2, folder 32, Reuther Library.

29. Sol to Genora, with enclosed note to Denny, Apr. 5, 1942, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folders 3–6, Reuther Library.

30. Ibid., Sept. 13, 1942, box 1, folders 10–11, Reuther Library.

31. Genora to Sol, Feb. 18, 1944, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folder 7, Reuther Library.

32. Harriett Arnow, The Dollmaker (New York: Macmillan, 1954).

33. Sol Dollinger, “Escape,” 7.

34. Charles Denby, Indignant Heart: A Black Worker’s Journal (Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1978), 168.

35. Genora to Sol, Feb. 11, 1945, Dollinger Collection, box 1, folder 9, Reuther Library.

36. Sol Dollinger describes this procedure quite thoroughly in “Escape.”

37. Leighton interview, Oct. 20, 1993.

38. Keeran, Communist Party, 243–44.

39. Rosenthal, Striking Flint, 34.

40. To become a foreman it helped considerably if you were above average in size and tended not to remember or accentuate your own time on the line. Former linemen tended to be “cruel,” unlike in later years when they were “college trained” and taught how to deal tactfully with fellow employees. Orvel Simmons, interview