China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [152]
146 DRC, “Dangqian Zhongguo shichang fayu quexian dui qiye jishu jinbu de yingxiang” (Flaws in the Development of the Markets in China and Their Impact on the Technological Progress of Firms), DRC diaocha yanjiu baogao 103 (1999): 14.
147 DRC, “Dangqian Zhongguo shichang fayu quexian dui qiye jishu jinbu de yingxiang,” 7.
148 For example, China’s CR4 (the concentration ratio of the largest four producers) in 1984 was 17 percent for automobiles, 15 percent for cigarettes, 17 percent for plate glass, and 2 percent for cement. In the United States, the CR4 in 1982 was 97 percent for automobiles, 90 percent for cigarettes, 78 percent for plate glass, and 31 percent for cement. In India, the CR4 ratio in 1968 was 57 percent for automobiles, 64 percent for plate glass, and 60 percent for cement. Qi Lüdong, Zhongguo xiandai longduan jingji yanjiu, 146-148.
149 DRC, “Zhongguo shichang fayu de jiben tezheng jiqi cunzai wenti” (Basic Characteristics and Existing Problems in the Development of Markets in China), DRC diaocha yanjiu baogao 102 (1999): 7.
150 DRC, “Dangqian Zhongguo shichang fayu quexian dui qiye jishu jinbu dc yingxiang,” 12-13.
151 World Bank, World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market, 33.
152 China scored 5.5, compared with Croatia (6.2), the Czech Republic (6.8), Estonia (7.4), Hungary (6.9), Latvia (6.6), Lithuania (6.2), Poland (6.0), the Slovak Republic (6.0), Russia (5.0), Ukraine (4.6), Albania (5.7), Bulgaria (5.2), Romania (4.6), India (6.1), Mexico (6.2), South Africa (6.8), the Philippines (6.7), and Brazil (5.7). Economic Freedom Index, www.fraserinstitute.ca/.
4. Transforming the State
1 Some of the materials in this chapter are drawn from Pei, “Rotten from Within,” 321-349.
2 See Sun, Corruptionand Market in Contemporary China; Zengke He, “Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Reform China,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33 (2000): 243-270; Ting Gong, “Forms and Characteristics of China’s Corruption in the 1990s: Change with Continuity,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies30 (3) (1997): 277-288; Xiaobo Lu, Cadres and Corruption:The Organizational Involutionof the Chinese CommunistParty (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000).
3 The surveys were conducted in urban areas from 1995 to 1999. Corruption was ranked as the third most important issue from 1995 to 1997; it rose to be the second most important issue in 1998; it became the most important issue in 1999. Xu Xinxin, “1998-1999: Zhongguo shimin de guanzhu jiaodian yu weilai yuqi” (Chinese Urban Residents’ Focus Issues and Future Expectations in 1998-1999), in Ru Xin et al., eds., SHLPS 1999, 87; Yuan Yue, “1998-1999: Zhongguo chengshi xintai zonghc pingjia” (A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Sentiments of Urban Residents in China in 1998-1999), in RuXin et al., SHLPS 1999, 103.
4 Liaowang(Outlook), August 7, 2000, 27.
5 Sichuan CCP Organization Department, “Sichuansheng dangzheng lingdao banzi chengyuan sixiang zhengzhi suzhi zhuangkuang diaocha baogao” (An Investigative Report on the Status of the Ideological and Political Caliber of Prefect and County Party and Government Officials in Sichuan Province), in ZGYW, 1999, 24.
6 news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2004-02/17, February 17, 2004.
7 news.xinhuannet.com/legal/2004-01/05, January 5, 2004.
8 For a study of administrative downsizing in China during the reform era, see Kjeld Erik Brodsgaard, “Institutional Reform and the Bianzhi System in China,” TheChina Quarterly170 (2002): 361-386.
9 It is notable that in the official data the growth of government personnel was no longer reported after 1990. But press reports and internal Chinese studies continue to portray a bloated and growing state bureaucracy into the 1990s.
10 A vice minister of the CCP Organization Department said in May 2001 that the Chinese government has 41 million “cadres.” Zhongguo qingnianbao (China Youth Daily), May 19, 2001.
11 ZGTJNJ2003,129.
12 The national data for 1990 show that the number of people employed by the state was more