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to 1 only on the minor issue of whether or not to split costs. Stewart F. Hancock, Jr., himself an appellate court judge and the son of one of TR’s lawyers, concludes that both plaintiff and defendant scored damaging points against each other, TR being shown to have selective amnesia about his acceptance of “boss” help and corporate contributions as governor and president, and Barnes being exposed as a pig at the public trough. Although the proof “fell far short of portraying Barnes as an evil man,” TR’s 1914 libel had clearly been defamatory. He was saved from conviction by virtue of his role as a “star performer” who “held his audience” for eight full days of arm-waving testimony. (Hancock, “Barnes v. Roosevelt.”) Even EKR, commenting to Cecil Spring Rice on 30 May, wryly described the verdict as “illegal” (CSR).

77 William Ivins returned Ivins died on 23 July 1915. His career is affectionately recounted in Cohen, They Builded Better Than They Knew. Barnes’s fortunes never recovered from the verdict against him. He was passed over for nomination to the U.S. Senate in 1916, and quickly lost force in New York State politics. When he died in 1930 he was remembered only as a figure in “one of the most extraordinary libel suits in the history of the country.” Boston Herald, 1 July 1930.

CHAPTER 22: WAGING PEACE

1 Epigraph Robinson, Collected Poems, 526.

2 The President’s official These two paragraphs owe much to the observations of Margaret Axson Elliott (“Madge,” sister of WW’s first wife) in My Aunt Louisa and Woodrow Wilson (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1944). See also Asquith, Autobiography, 330; Thompson, Presidents I’ve Known, 253ff.; and for WW’s sexuality, Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson, 108–9, 185–88. The evidence of an affair with Mary Allen Peck in 1908 is inconclusive, but certainly suggests that in his sixth decade, WW was not short of testosterone.

3 Now, secretly Heckscher, Woodrow Wilson, 365; Link, Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 33.133ff.

4 Wilson had in fact Ishbel Ross, Power with Grace: The Life Story of Mrs. Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1975), 36.

5 On 30 May The New York Times, 1 June 1915.

6 “the very nadir” Robinson, My Brother TR, 290.

7 “I have never” Sylvia Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 406.

8 He cheerfully tolerated Sonya Levien, “The Great Friend: A Personal Story of Theodore Roosevelt as He Revealed Himself to One of His Associates in Magazine Work,” Woman’s Home Companion, Oct. 1919.

9 “Villa,” Roosevelt said Barbara Gelb, So Short a Time: A Biography of John Reed and Lousie Bryant (New York, 1973), 48.

10 Not even an invoice Financial file, 16 June 1915 (TRP). Sylvia Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 406, estimates TR’s total costs at $42,000; Thayer, TR, 400, at $52,000. Only $1,443 was recoverable from Barnes. Barnes v. Roosevelt, 1.125–26.

11 Congress owed him TR, Letters, 6.1539.

12 “Why, I won it” Thompson, Presidents I’ve Known, 114–15. Thompson was an eyewitness to this exchange.

13 Each island gave off Most of the language, and all of the natural observations in the next five paragraphs are TR’s. See “Bird Reserves,” in TR, Works, 4.197–227.

14 fashionable ladies Ross, Power with Grace, 18.

15 “Nature is ruthless” TR, Works, 4.206–7.

16 a big humming hornet Ibid., 20.210–11.

17 like U-boats Ibid., 20.213–14. “British Admiralty Confidential Daily Voyage Notice 15th April 1915, issued under Government War Risks Scheme: German Submarines Appear to Be Operating Chiefly Off Prominent Headlands and Landfalls,” American Journal of International Law (New York, 1918), 12.867.

18 Early the following The Washington Post, 12 June 1915; Dudley Haddock to Charter Heslep, 14 May 1963 (EMH); The New York Times, 10 June 1915.

19 “This means war” Haddock to Heslep, 14 May 1963 (EMH).

20 He could have Ibid. The statement did not reach New Orleans until late the following day, 11 June, and Haddock put it out on the wires that night. By the following morning it was front-page news. See, e.g., The Washington Post, 12 June 1915, and Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 12 June 1915.

21 “Why be shocked” Karp, The