Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [181]
skepticism about, 253–255
scaling, 258–264. See also metabolic scaling theory
Schuster, Peter, 86
Scientific American, 291–292
scientific citation networks, 253
search engines, 10, 239–240
second law of thermodynamics, 40, 42–43
Boltzmann’s interpretation of, 50
and evolution, 71
Maxwell’s demon and, 43–47
selection. See natural selection
self-awareness, 184, 189
self-copying computer program, 119–121
deeper meaning of, 121–122
difference between self-replication of DNA and, 122
difference between von Neumann’s self-reproducing automaton and, 122–123
self-organization, 13. See also emergence
in definition of complex system, 13, 40
examples of, 10, 40
in Kauffman’s theories, 285–286
vagueness of definition of, xii, 293–294, 301
Self-Organized Criticality (SOC), 257, 269, 303
self-replication in DNA, 122
self-reproducing automata (also self-replicating automaton), 118, 122–124, 212, 297
as example of common principle for complex systems, 294
as example of idea model, 211
in extending notion of life, 300
self-copying program as illustration of, 118 (see also self-copying computer program)
as universal computers, 156
von Neumann’s design for, 122–124, 127
self-reproduction
in computers (see self-reproducing automata)
logic of, 149, 211
as requisite for life, 116
self-similarity
in fractals, 103–106, 265–266
as quantified by fractal dimension, 108
relation to hierarchy, 109
in scale-free (or power law) distributions, 242–243, 245, 265
sensitive dependence on initial conditions, 20
as defining chaotic systems, 20–22, 34, 38
in logistic map, 31–33
in random Boolean networks, 284–285
sexual recombination, 81, 83, 89, 101
in genetic algorithms, 129
Shakespeare, William, 71, 270–271
Shalizi, Cosma, 254
Shannon, Claude, 51–54, 296
Shannon entropy. See Shannon information
Shannon information (or entropy), 51–55, 57, 169
in explanation of Zipf’s law, 271
as measure of complexity, 96–98
relation to statistical complexity, 102
Shaw, George Bernard, 71
Shaw, Robert, 293
Sigmund, Karl, 220
Simon, Herbert, 109–110, 272
sine map, 36
six degrees of separation, 228
Slagle, James, 223
slippage, conceptual, 188, 191–193, 196–197, 202, 206
small-world networks, 236–239
examples of, 247–252
simplifying assumptions about, 254–255
See also small-world property
small-world property, 238, 245, 248, 251
formal definition of, 318
Smith, Adam, 10, 76
Smith, Eric, 94, 287
social networks, 227–230, 234–236, 238
social norms, 218–219, 220, 222
space-filling fractals, 266
spatial dimension, 107–108
statistical complexity, 102–103
statistical mechanics, 47–51
influence on Stuart Kauffman’s work, 286
Stein, Myron, 28, 35–36
Stein, Paul, 28, 35–36
stomata networks, 168
Stoppard, Tom, 15
strategy
for majority classification task, 165
for norms model, 218
for Prisoner’s dilemma, 216–217
for Robby the Robot, 131–132
string theory, 210, 293
Strogatz, Steven, 230, 232, 236–239, 301
surface hypothesis, 260, 266, 268
survival instinct
in Copycat, 208
as requisite for life, 116, 127
Sutton, Walter, 89
switches, genetic, 278–280
synchronization, 248
Synergetics, 298
Synthesis, Modern, 81–84
challenges to, 84–87
system science, 297–298
Szilard, Leo, 45–47, 125, 169
Tattersall, Ian, 83, 87
T cells, 9, 172, 174–175
regulatory, 176
teleology, 296
Teller, Edward, 125
thermodynamic depth, 101
thermodynamics, 41–42, 48, 51, 258, 298, 302
“fourth law” of, 286
as inspiration for information theory, 55
laws of, 42
second law of (see second law of thermodynamics)
Thoreau, Henry David, 188
three-body problem, 21–22
tipping points, 253, 257
TIT FOR TAT strategy, 217–218
topology, algebraic, 21
tragedy of the commons, 214
trajectory, 31–32, 36
of states in random Boolean network, 284
transcription (genetic), 90–93, 249