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Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) A connection-oriented protocol that is part of the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol suite. It operates at the Transport layer of the OSI model. It initiates the connection between the sender and receiver, transmits the data, and then terminates the connection. See also Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) An older protocol that was used in early remote-access environments. SLIP was originally designed to connect Unix systems together in a dial-up environment, and it supports only serial communications.

server A computer that provides resources to the clients on the network.

server and client configuration A network in which the resources are located on a server and accessed by clients.

server authentication A process that requires the workstation to authenticate against the server.

service An item that adds functionality to a network by providing resources or doing tasks for other computers. In Windows-based operating systems, services include file and printer sharing for Microsoft or Novell networks.

service account An account created on a server for a user to perform special services, such as a backup operator, an account operator, and a server operator.

service-level agreement (SLA) An agreement that specifies performance requirements for a vendor. This agreement may use mean time before failure (MTBF) and mean time to repair (MTTR) as performance measures in the SLA.

service pack Operating system updates from Microsoft.

session key The agreed-upon (during connection) key used between a client and a server during a session. This key is generated by encrypting the server’s digital ID (after validity has been established). The asymmetric key pair is then used to encrypt and verify the session key that is passed back and forth between client and server during the length of the connection.

Session layer The fifth layer of the OSI model. It determines how two computers establish, use, and end a session. Security authentication and network naming functions required for applications occur here. The Session layer establishes, maintains, and breaks dialogs between two stations. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

SHA See Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA).

share-level security A network security method that assigns passwords to individual files or other network resources (such as printers) instead of assigning rights to network resources to users. The passwords are then given to all users that need access to these resources. All resources are visible from anywhere in the network, and any user who knows the password for a particular network resource can make changes to it.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Network cabling media that has a shield, similar to coax, wrapped over the wires.

shoulder surfing Watching someone when they enter their username/password/ sensitive data.

S-HTTP See Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP).

signal Transmission from one PC to another. A signal could be a notification to start a session or end a session.

signal encoding The process whereby a protocol at the Physical layer receives information from the upper layers and translates all the data into signals that can be transmitted on a transmission medium.

signaling method The process of transmitting data across the medium. Two types of signaling are digital and analog.

signed applet An applet that doesn’t run in the Java sandbox and has higher system access capabilities. Signed applets aren’t usually downloaded from the Internet but are provided by in-house or custom programming efforts.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) A protocol for sending e-mail between SMTP servers.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) The management protocol created for sending information about the health of the network-to-network management consoles.

single loss expectancy (SLE) The cost of a single loss when it occurs.