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Policy Concerning Homosexuality in the Armed Forces, U.S. Code 10 (1994), § 654.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. U.S. Code 42 (2000), § 2000e(k).

Qualification Standards for Enlistment, Appointment, and Induction, Department of Defense Directive 1304.26.

Race Relations Act, 1965, c. 73 (Eng.).

Race Relations Act, 1976, c. 74 (Eng.).

Sex Discrimination Act, 1975, c. 65 [UK].

Solomon Amendment, U.S. Code 10 (2004), § 983.

S.C. Code Ann. § 59-32-30 (2004).

Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. 85.007 (Vernon 2001).

U.S. Constitution, amends. I, V, XIV.

Utah Code Ann. § 53A-13-101 (Supp. 2004).

Utah Admin. Code r. 277-474-3 (2001).

OTHER

ABC News, Sex, Drugs & Consenting Adults: Should People Be Able to Do Whatever They Want? May 26, 1998. Transcript available at http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n389/a07.html.

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American Psychological Association Council of Representatives. Resolution on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (August 14, 1997).

Assembleé Nationale, Douzième Législature, Projet de Loi Encadrant, en Application du Principe de Laïcité, le Port de Signes ou de Tenues Manifestant une Appartenance Religieuse dans les Écoles, Collèges et Lycées Publics. No. 253(2004).

Bayrou, François. Circulaire no. 1649 du 20 Septembre 1994, http://www.assemblee-nat.fr/12/dossiers/documents-laicite/document-3.pdf.

Board of Trustees of the American Psychiatric Association. COPP Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies) (May 2000).

Brief of Amici Curiae Mary Robinson et al., Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) (No. 02-102).

Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report, “1—United States AIDS Program,” December 29, 1986.

CNN, Larry King Weekend, July 6, 2002.

http://www.straightacting.com.

National Committee on Lesbian, Gay & Bisexual Issues, National Association of Social Workers. Position Statement: “Reparative” and “Conversion” Therapies for Lesbians and Gay Men (January 21, 2000).

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Pers. & Readiness). Report to the Secretary of Defense: Review of the Effectiveness of the Application and Enforcement of the Department’s Policy on Homosexual Conduct in the Military (1998), http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/rpt040798.html.

Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, Conduct Unbecoming: 10th Annual Report on “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (2004).

Socarides, Charles W. “How America Went Gay,” available at http://www.leaderu.com/jhs/socarides.html.

X, Malcolm. “The Ballot or the Bullet.” Speech, Cory Methodist Church, Cleveland, Ohio, April 3, 1964.

For my parents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to the following friends and colleagues: Bruce Ackerman, Matt Alsdorf, Ian Ayres, Ina Bort, Bo Burt, Iain Campbell, Janet Choi, Amy Chua, Gene Coakley, Ariela Dubler, Elizabeth Emens, Robert Ferguson, Paul Festa, George Fisher, Owen Fiss, Cary Franklin, Adam Freed, Maureen Freed, Adam Haslett, Michael Kavey, Gia Kim, Harold Koh, Oren Izenberg, Christopher Jewell, Kenneth Katz, Anthony Light, Robert Post, Tom Pulham, Sonya Rasminsky, Carol Rose, Bill Rubenstein, Lisa Rubin, Catherine Sharkey, Reva Siegel, and Robert Wintemute. At Random House, Jon Karp, Jane von Mehren, Jonathan Jao, and Jillian Quint gave me tireless support. My agent Betsy Lerner supplied wisdom and friendship. Jessica Bulman-Pozen, Mike Gottlieb, and Fadi Hanna provided sterling research assistance.

NOTES

EPIGRAPH

1 “It is a fact” Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 102.

PREFACE

1 Ramón Estévez covered Reese Erlich, “A Star’s Activism, On Screen and Off,” Christian Science Monitor, December 28, 1990, p. 14.

2 as did Krishna Bhanji Angela Dawson, “Kingsley