Covering_ The Hidden Assault on American Civil Rights - Kenji Yoshino [99]
28 Bieber worked up the popular model Bieber observes that mothers “promoted homosexuality” by falling into a pattern described as “close-binding-intimate.” Bieber et al., Homosexuality, pp. 79–81. He also argues that “the pathologic seeking of need fulfillment from men has a clear point of origin in fathers who were detached.” Ibid., p. 114.
29 Socarides added Socarides observes that lesbianism derives from the subject’s “dread of … a malevolent mother” and a conviction that the father “rejects and hates her.” Charles W. Socarides, Homosexuality (New York: Jason Aronson, 1978), p. 188.
30 The most systematic study Ronald Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 29–30.
31 Published in 1962 Bieber et al., Homosexuality, p. 319.
32 Of the seventy-two Ibid., p. 276.
33 the conversion therapists Rado, Adaptational Psychodynamics, p. 213.
34 Ellis and Bieber Albert Ellis, Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy (Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1962), p. 242; Bieber et al., Homosexuality, p. 18.
35 The first edition of the Diagnostic The manual lists “homosexuality” as an instance of “pathologic behavior.” Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (New York: American Psychiatric Association, 1952), pp. 38–39.
36 These therapists ushered in I take the term from Drescher, “I’m Your Handyman,” pp. 25–26.
37 In his memoir Martin Duberman, Cures: A Gay Man’s Odyssey (New York: Dutton Books, 1991). Duberman discusses the first therapy on pp. 32–36, the second therapy on pp. 44–46, and the third therapy on pp. 93–115.
38 Duberman describes Ibid., p. 31.
39 Entomologist-turned-sexologist Alfred Kinsey Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948); Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1953).
40 Psychologist Evelyn Hooker See, for example, Evelyn Hooker, “The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual,” Journal of Projective Techniques 21 (1957): 18–31; Hooker, “Male Homosexuality in the Rorschach,” Journal of Projective Techniques 22 (1958): 278–81.
41 Hooker’s test of clinical “gaydar” “Gay? or Eurotrash?” Blair Magazine, issue 3, http://www.blairmag.com/blair3/gaydar/euro.html.
42 Thomas Szasz See, for example, Thomas Szasz, Ideology and Insanity: Essays on the Psychiatric Dehumanization of Man (New York: Doubleday, 1970); Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct (New York: Harper & Row, 1961). Ronald Bayer describes Szasz’s contribution in Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, pp. 54–55.
43 Gays began agitating Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, p. 106.
44 Guy Olmstead, castrated in 1894 Katz, Gay American History, p. 141.
45 Rather than seeking to convert The 1970 meeting of the American Psychiatric Association was held in San Francisco. “In the wake of the American Invasion of Cambodia in May 1970, the killings at Kent State, and the subsequent convulsion of protest that swept the nation, gay groups in alliance with feminists engaged in the first systematic effort to disrupt the annual meetings of the American Psychiatric Association.” Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, p. 102.
46 As professor of public health Ibid.
47 In the 1970 meeting The psychiatrist, Nathaniel McConaghy, was discussing the use of aversive conditioning techniques in the treatment of sexual deviation. Ibid., p. 103.
48 The year after that Ibid., p. 109.
49 “Stop it” Ibid., p. 125.
50 Riffing off “Black is beautiful” See Edmund White, The Beautiful Room Is Empty (1988; New York: Vintage, 1994), p. 197.
51 The efforts of these activists Bayer, Homosexuality and American Psychiatry, p. 138. The eighth printing of the DSM notes this change in the seventh printing. See Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics of the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd