Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [303]
4 David T. Konig, “‘Dale’s Laws’ and the Non-Common Law Origins of Criminal Justice in Virginia,” American Journal of Legal History 26:354 (1982).
5 See Joseph H. Smith, Appeals to the Privy Council from the American Plantations (1950).
6 Joseph Smith, Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts (1639-1702): The Pynchon Court Record (1961), p. 130. Instead, criminal proceedings began when a private victim brought a complaint, or when a town constable did so.
7 Younger, People’s Panel, chap. 1.
8 John M. Murrin, “Magistrates, Sinners, and a Precarious Liberty: Trial by Jury in Seventeenth-Century New England,” in David D. Hall, John M. Murrin, and Thad W. Tate, eds., Saints and Revolutionaries: Essays in Early American History (1984), pp. 152, 188-89; David J. Bodenhamer, Fair Trial: Rights of the Accused in American History (1992), p. 24.
9 Gail Sussman Marcus, “‘Due Execution of the Generall Rules of Righteousnesse’: Criminal Procedure in New Haven Town and Colony, 1638-1658,” in Hall, Murrin, and Tate, Saints and Revolutionaries, pp. 99, 102ff.
10 Marcus, “‘Due Execution,’” pp. 129—30.
11 Peter C. Hoffer and William B. Scott, eds., Criminal Proceedings in Colonial Virginia, Richmond County, 1711-1754 (1984), p. xx.
12 Daniel E. Williams, “‘Behold a Tragic Scene Strangely Changed into a Theater of Mercy’: The Structure and Significance of Criminal Conversion Narratives in Early New England,” American Quarterly 38:827 (1986).
13 Peter C. Hoffer, “Disorder and Deference: The Paradoxes of Criminal Justice in the Colonial Tidewater,” in David J. Bodenhamer and James W. Ely, Jr., eds., Ambivalent Legacy: A Legal History of the South (1984), pp. 184, 196-97. Hoffer claims that a similar aversion to jury trials can be found in New York, Massachusetts,and Pennsylvania.
14 See, in general, Thomas Andrew Green, Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial Jury, 1200-1800 (1985).
15 A vivid picture of English criminal justice, and criminal procedure, chiefly in the eighteenth century, is found in John H. Langbein, “The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers,” University of Chicago Law Review 45:363 (1978).
16 Langbein, “The Criminal Trial,” p. 307.
17 W. W. Hening, Statutes at Large ... of Virginia, Vol. 2, p. 63.
18 William S. McAninch, “Criminal Procedure and the South Carolina Jury Act of 1731,” in Herbert Johnson, ed., South Carolina Legal History (1980), p. 181.
19 David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (1981), p. 5.
20 Douglas Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691-1776 (1974), p. 156.
21 “An Act for Establishing the Method of Appointing Constables...,” Georgia, March 27, 1759.
22 Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement, p. 159.
23 Ibid., pp. 165-67.
24 Harry E. Barnes, The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania: A Study in American Social History (1927), pp. 65—66; Alexander J. Dallas, ed., Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1700-1781, Vol. 1, pp. 265, 267-68.
25 Laws N.H. 1718, p. 127.
26 Pauline Maier, “Popular Uprisings and Civil Authority in Eighteenth-Century America,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d series 27:3, 19 (1970). On the “hue and cry” in colonial Virginia, see Arthur P. Scott, Criminal Law in Colonial Virginia (1930), p. 54. Fans of western movies are, of course, familiar with the “posse,” which survived in a part of the country where criminal justice was not very professional and was chronically understaffed.
27 Maier, op. cit., p. 21.
28 Julius Goebel, Jr., and T. Raymond Naughton, Law Enforcement in Colonial New York (1944), p. 329.
29 A lot of research remains to be done; and the story is, on the whole, rather murky. See Albert J. Reiss, Jr., “Public Prosecutors and Criminal Prosecution in the United States of America,” Juridical Review 20:1 (1975); [Comment:] “The District Attorney—a Historical Puzzle,” Wisconsin Law Review 125 (1952); Jack M. Kress, “Progress and Prosecution,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 423:49 (1976).
CHAPTER 2. THE LAW OF GOD AND MAN
1 Bradley Chapin,