Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [308]
12 On the law of treason, see James Willard Hurst, The Law of Treason in the United States: Collected Essays (1971), chap. 3.
13 Ibid., pp. 83-84. On the English law, see 4 Blackstone’s Commentaries, 81-83.
14 Hurst, The Law of Treason, pp. 102, 104.
15 Laws of the State of New York... since the Revolution, Vol. 1, p. 26 (1792), act of Oct. 22, 1779.
16 Quoted in Negley K. Teeters, “Public Executions in Pennsylvania: 1682-1834,” in Eric Monkkonen, ed., Crime and Justice in American History: The Colonies and Early Republic (Vol. 2, 1991), pp. 756, 764.
17 See 4 Blackstone’s Commentaries 84.
18 Laws of the State of New York... since the Revolution, Vol. 1, pp. 335-36 (1792), act of Feb. 14, 1787.
19 Quoted in Edward H. Savage, Police Records and Recollections (1873; reprinted., 1971), p. 42.
20 Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830-1870 (1977), p. 5.
21 Walker, Popular Justice, p. 57.
22 David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (1981), p. 41.
23 On this point, see Paul A. Gilje, “The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition,” Journal of Social History 13:547 (1980).
24 Allen Steinberg, The Transformation of Criminal Justice: Philadelphia , 1800-1880 (1989), pp. 140-49.
25 Savage, Police Records, pp 95-96.
26 Johnson, American Law Enforcement, p. 27.
27 David R. Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld: The Impact of Crime on the Development of the American Police, 1800-1887 (1979), pp. 96, 97.
28 Ibid., p. 94; see below, chapter 7.
29 Miller, Cops and Bobbies, p. 43.
30 Ibid.
31 Savage, Police Records, p. 91.
32 Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 1822-1885 (1967), pp. 60, 64, 66.
33 Lane, Policing the City, p. 103, 187, 203.
34 Johnson, Policing the Urban Underworld, p. 139.
35 Miller, Cops and Bobbies, p. 51.
36 The federal crimes law was 1 Stats. 112 (act of April 30, 1790). On the general subject, see Dwight F. Henderson, Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801-1829 (1985).
37 Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. (7 Pet.) 243 (1833).
38 See Robert A. Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791 (1962), p. 236.
39 Alexander J. Dallas, ed., Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Vol. 2, 1781-90, p. 802. The punishment for these crimes was forfeiture of property (“all and singular the lands and tenements, goods and chattels”) and imprisonment for up to ten years.
40 Dallas, Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Vol. 3, pp. 599-600.
41 Edwin R. Keedy, “History of the Pennsylvania Statute Creating Degrees of Murder,” Unversity of Pennsylvania Law Review 97:759 (1949).
42 Rev. Laws N.Y. 1829, Vol. 2, p. 657.
43 Kathryn Preyer, “Crime, the Criminal Law and Reform in Post-Revolutionary Virginia,” Law and History Review 1:53, 58-59 (1983). In the same year, New Jersey struck a number of capital crimes off the books; see John E. O’Connor, “Legal Reform in the Early Republic: The New Jersey Experience,” American Journal of Legal History 22:95, 100 (1978). See also, in general, Bradley Chapin, “Felony Law Reform in the Early Republic,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113:164 (1989).
44 Quoted in Philip E. Mackey, Hanging in the Balance: The Anti-Capital Punishment Movement in New York State, 1776-1861 (1982), p. 155.
45 Quoted in Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (1989), p. 65.
46 Livingston, Complete Works, Vol. 1, p. 43. Livingston, a New Yorker transplanted to Louisiana, drafted for his new state a penal code in which the death penalty did not appear. Louisiana never adopted the code.
47 Mackey, Hanging in the Balance, p. 127.
48 Rev. Stats. N.Y. 1829, Vol. 2, p. 656.
49 Masur, Rites of Execution, p. 157.
50 Michael S. Hindus, Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767-1878 (1980), p. 100.
51 David J.