Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [336]
24 Rosen, Lost Sisterhood, pp. 28-29.
25 Laws. Mich. 1915, No. 272, p. 481.
26 Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History 35:44 (1989).
27 Described in Thomas C. Mackey, Red Lights Out: A Legal History of Prostitution, Disorderly Houses, and Vice Districts, 1870-1917 (1877).
28 Illinois Crime Survey (1929), p. 852.
29 McKanna, “Prostitutes,” p. 59.
30 Rosen, Lost Sisterhood, p. 33.
31 Annual Report, Police Commissioner of the City of New York, year ending Dec. 31, 1910 (1911), pp. 12, 14.
32 Annual Report, Police Department of the City of Chicago, year ending Dec. 31, 1926, p. 19.
33 George E. Worthington and Ruth Topping, “The Second Sessions of the Municipal Court of the City of Boston,” Journal of Social Hygiene 8:191, 200, 222 (1922).
34 Second Annual Report, Municipal Court of Philadelphia (1915), pp. 54, 72.
35 Laws. Ind. 1907, chap. 60. On the role of women’s movements in the campaign to raise the age of consent, see Rosen, Lost Sisterhood, p. 55.
36 Laws Cal. 1913, chap. 122, p. 212 (amending Section 261 of the Penal Code).
37 See the table of ages in Mary Ellen Odem, “Delinquent Daughters: The Sexual Regulation of Female Minors in the United States, 1880-1920” (Ph.D. thesis, Department of History, University of California, Berkeley, 1989), pp. 73-74.
38 Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice, p. 140.
39 Columbus Dispatch, June 17, 1891, p. 7.
40 Superior Court Records, Santa Clara County, California, Case No. 18661.5, June 5, 1925.
41 Odem, “Delinquent Daughters,” pp. 87-88.
42 Jacob A. Goldberg and Rosamond W. Goldberg, Girls on City Streets: A Study of 1,400 Cases of Rape (1935; reprint ed., 1974), p. 300.
43 William J. Blackburn, The Administration of Criminal Justice in Franklin County, Ohio (1935), pp. 152-53.
44 Henry Herbert Goddard, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1925).
45 Ibid., pp. 18-19, 110.
46 Ibid., p. 108.
47 Laws Ind. 1907, chap. 215. See also, in general, J. H. Landman, “The History of Human Sterilization in the United States—Theory, Statute, Adjudication,” Illinois Law Review 23:463 (1929); Philip R. Reilly, The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States (1991).
48 Laws Cal. 1909, chap. 720, p. 1093.
49 Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (1963), pp. 49, 136.
50 Ibid., p. 123.
51 Quoted in Donald K. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (1968), p. 90.
52 W. D. Funkhouser, “Eugenical Sterilization,” Kentucky Law Journal 23:511, 513 (1935).
53 See Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives, (1968), p. 90.
54 Rev. Stats. Nev. 1912, sec. 6293, Vol. 2, p. 1812.
55 Mickle v. Henrichs, 262 Fed. 687 (D.C. Nev., 1918).
56 Williams et al. v. Smith, 190 Ind. 526, 131 N.E. 2 (1921).
57 Acts Ind. 1927, chap. 50, p. 116; Acts Ind. 1931, chap. 241, p. 713.
58 274 U.S. 200 (1927).
59 New York Times, Feb. 23, 1980, p. 6; March 7, 1980, p. A16. See also Paul A Lombardo, “Three Generations, No Imbeciles: New Light on Buck v. Bell,” New York University Law Review 60:30 (1985).
60 Leo Stanley, Men at Their Worst (1940), pp. 113-14.
61 Stanley, Men at Their Worst, pp. 157, 162-63.
62 Quoted in a review by Robert H. Gault, in Journal of Criminal Law 2:648 (1912). There were other anomalies, for example, the “thickness of the skull . . . the fusion of the two parietal bones in the sagittal line of the skull,” and so on. Junkins had been a “tin-can tramp. His early habitat was as undesirable as could be imagined.” He was hung for a brutal murder in 1910.
63 Earnest A. Hooton, Crime and the Man (1939), pp. 124, 367.
64 316 U.S. 535 (1942).
65 Ibid., at 541.
66 Wash. Rev. Code Ann. sec. 9.92-100 (1961). The statute is apparently rarely, if ever, used.
67 The Volstead Act was established in 41 Stats. 305 (act of October 28, 1919), and the Wright Act in Laws Cal. 1921, p. 79.
68 45 Stats. 1446 (act of March 2, 1929). The act recited the