Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [342]
14 Annual Report, Director of Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 1940, p. 15.
15 [Note:] “R.I. Statistics,” Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 31:475 (1941).
16 See Susan C. Towne, “The Historical Origins of Bench Trial for Serious Crime,” American Journal of Legal History 26:123 (1982). Trial without jury was, of course, the norm in some of the colonies (chapter 1).
17 Patton v. U.S. 281 U.S. 276, 312 (1930).
18 Fifth Annual Report, Judicial Council of the State of New York (1939), pp. 160, 174-75.
19 Kalven and Zeisel, American Jury, p. 25.
20 Annual Report, Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts (1989), p. 204.
21 Kalven and Zeisel, American Jury, p. 26.
22 Ibid., pp. 28-29.
23 Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 (1981), p.173.
24 Illinois Crime Survey, 1929, p. 82.
25 Wayne L. Morse and Ronald H. Beattie, Survey of the Administration of Criminal Justice in Oregon (1932), p. 138.
26 American Law Institute, A Study of the Business of the Federal Courts, Part I: Criminal Cases (1934), pp. 12, 117 (tables 8 and 9).
27 Albert W. Alschuler, “Plea Bargaining and Its History,” Law and Society Review 13:211, 231 (1978).
28 Friedman and Percival, Roots of Justice, p. 226.
29 Arthur Train, The Prisoner at the Bar: Sidelights on the Administration of Criminal Justice (1906), pp. 156, 158.
30 Ibid., p. 159.
31 Harry I. Subin, Criminal Justice in a Metropolitan Court: The Processing of Serious Criminal Cases in the District of Columbia Court of General Sessions (1966), pp. 12-13.
32 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
33 404 U.S. 257 (1971).
34 Jonathan D. Casper, American Criminal Justice: The Defendant’s Perspective (1972), pp. 83-84.
35 Michael L. Rubinstein and Teresa J. White, “Alaska’s Ban on Plea Bargaining,” Law and Society Review 13:367 (1979).
36 See the report of the Alaska Judicial Council, Alaska’s Plea Bargaining Ban Re-evaluated (January 1991). The verdict is: the reform is not perfect, there is slippage, but it has had a definite and long-term impact.
37 See Raymond Moley, Tribunes of the People: The Past and Future of the New York Magistrates’ Courts ( 1932), pp. 178-85.
38 Lisa J. McIntyre, The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute (1987), p. 41.
39 Ibid., p. 162.
40 Ibid., p. 87.
41 Casper, American Criminal Justice, p. 101.
42 Paul M. Angle, Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness (1952), p. 45. The eight defendants were acquitted.
43 Sam Bass Warner and Henry B. Cabot, Judges and Law Reform (1936), p. 133.
44 Illinois Crime Survey, 1929, pp. 234-35.
45 M. R. Wemer and John Starr, Teapot Dome (1959), pp. 225-27.
46 Wamer and Cabot, Judges, pp. 125-26.
47 Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 520 (1968).
48 43 Cal. App. 3d 627, 117 Cal. Rptr. 913 (1975).
49 See Washington Post, Jan. 5, 1987, p. B1; Los Angeles Times, Aug. 27, 1986, Part 1, p. 1.
50 On this case, see Richard O‘Connor, Courtroom Warrior: The Combative Career of William Travers Jerome (1963), chaps. 7 and 8.
51 Irvin S. Cobb, Exit Laughing (1942), pp. 198-99.
52 O’Connor, Courtroom Warrior, p. 301.
53 Hal Higdon, The Crime of the Century: The Leopold and Loeb Case (1975), p. 169.
54 Kevin Tierney, Darrow: A Biography (1979), pp. 338-39.
55 The account here is taken from William M. Kunstler, The Minister and the Choir Singer: The Hall-Mills Murder Case (1964).
56 William Kunstler (The Minister and the Choir Singer [1964]) feels that the defendants were, in fact, innocent and that the killings were carried out by the Ku Klux Klan, as a kind of vigilante action against adulterers. This guess seems to be as good as any; but it is, of course, purely a guess.
57 Quoted in M. K. Wisehart, “Newspapers and Criminal Justice,” in Criminal Justice in Cleveland (1922), pp. 533-36.
58 Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 8, 1918, p. 1.
59 John Kobler, ed., The Trial of Ruth Snyder and Judd