Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [346]
55 Harry Kalven, Jr., and Hans Zeisel, The American Jury (1966), pp. 250-52.
56 Rhode, Justice and Gender, pp. 248−49.
57 The case, Commonwealth v. Pugh (unreported), is discussed in H. Lane Kneedler, “Sexual Assault Law Reform in Virginia—A Legislative History,” Virginia Law Review 68:459-82 ( 1982).
58 Susan Estrich, Real Rape (1987), p. 11.
59 Annual Report, Police Department of the City of Chicago, year ending Dec. 31, 1926, p. 18; Annual Report, Police Department of the City and County of Honolulu, Terr. of Hawaii, 1935, p. 24.
60 Rhode, Justice and Gender, p. 246.
61 Laws Mich. 1974, no. 266, p. 1025.
62 Laws Mich. 1974, no. 266, at 1028-29.
63 Rhode, Justice and Gender, p. 250.
64 Diana E. H. Russell, Rape in Marriage (rev. ed., 1990), pp. 17-23. The Oregon statute which abolished spousal immunity was Laws Ore. 1977, chap. 844.
65 Russell, Rape in Marriage, pp. 24-25.
66 See New York Times, April 5, 1991, p. A13; the acquittal was noted in New York Times, Dec. 11, 1991, p. Al.
67 Julie Homey and Cassia Spohn, “Rape Law Reform and Instrumental Change in Six Urban Jurisdictions,” Law and Society Review 15:117 (1991). For a before-and-after study in Washington State, see Wallace D. Loh, “The Impact of Common Law and Reform Rape Statutes on Prosecution: An Empirical Study,” Washington Law Review 55:543 (1980).
68 Estrich, Real Rape, p. 102.
CHAPTER 19. CRIMES OF THE SELF: TWENTIETH-CENTURY LEGAL CULTURE
1 People v. Miller, 169 N.Y. 339, 62 N.E. 418 ( 1902).
2 Ibid., at 346, 347.
3 Ibid., at 356.
4 Ibid., at 349.
5 See Lawrence M. Friedman, The Republic of Choice: Law, Authority, and Culture (1990); on expressive individualism, see Robert Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (1985).
6 Roger M. Olien and Diana Davids Olien, Easy Money: Oil Promoters and Investors in the Jazz Age (1990), pp. 2-3.
7 On this point, see the interesting book by Jack Katz, Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil (1988).
8 Warren I. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century ( 1985), chap. 14.
9 Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (1976), p. 37.
10 For an account of the crime and the trial, see Hal Higdon, The Crime of the Century: The Leopold and Loeb Case (1975).
11 New York Times, Nov. 27, 1991 (national ed.), p. A6.
12 Mercer L. Sullivan, “Getting Paid,” Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City (1989), pp. 247, 249; Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, in A General Theory of Crime (1990), put lack of self-control and desire for easy gratification at the center of their theory.
13 New York Times, Sept. 4, 1990, p. B7; Sept. 5, p. Al; Sept. 7, p. B4.
14 Friedman, Republic of Choice, p. 135.
15 Ibid., pp. 126-30.
16 Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor T. Glueck, Five Hundred Criminal Careers (1930), p. 152.
17 Frederick M. Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago (2d ed., 1936), p. 37.
18 Katz, Seductions of Crime, pp. 312, 321.
19 Friedman, Republic of Choice, p. 128.
20 Quoted in Joseph L. Holmes, “Crime and the Press,” Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 20:246, 254 (1929).
21 See, for example, Paul Kovistra, Criminals as Heroes: Structure, Power and Identity (1989).
22 Quoted in Richard O’Connor, Courtroom Warrior: The Combative Career of William Travers Jerome (1963), p. 295.
23 Lewis E. Lawes, Twenty Thousand Years in Sing Sing (1932), p. 312.
24 Friedman, Republic of Choice, p. 115.
CHAPTER 20. A NATION BESIEGED
1 James Gilbert, A Cycle of Outrage: America’s Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s (1986), p. 14.
2 George Gallup, Jr., The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1990 (1991), pp. 122-23.
3 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society