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The Memoirs, published posthumously, met with acclaim. Stendhal, Hugo, Flaubert, and Dostoevsky were all fascinated with the man, particularly his sense of himself as a genius warring against society. Dostoevsky later published Lacenaire’s memoirs in Russian in a magazine he edited, and he used him as a model for Raskolnikov, the double murderer in Crime and Punishment. Lacenaire also served as the model for the character Montparnasse in Victor Hugo’s Les misérables. The 1943 movie Children of Paradise, regarded as one of the peaks of French cinema, includes a character named Lacenaire, who is loosely based on the real person.

13. Gerould, Guillotine, 97.

14. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 1869.

15. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 275 (see chap. 2, n. 1).

16. Ibid., 276.

17. Jay Robert Nash, Look for the Woman (New York: Evans, 1981), 236.

18. Ibid., 237.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid., 240.

21. Ibid., 242.

22. Ibid., 243.

23. Ibid., 244.

24. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 285.

25. Ibid., 286.

26. Nash, Look for the Woman, 244.

27. Ibid., 245.

28. Lassiter Wren, Master Strokes of Crime Detection (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1929), 70.

29. Ibid., 75–76.

30. Ibid., 93.

31. Shapiro, Breaking the Codes, 40.

32. Colin Wilson and Damon Wilson, The Giant Book of True Crime (London: Magpie Books, 2006), 389–90.

33. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 46.

34. Shapiro, Breaking the Codes, 18.

35. Ibid., 40.

36. Yvonne Deutsch, ed., Science against Crime (New York: Exeter Books, 1982), 72.

37. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 128.

38. Ibid., 131.

39. Ibid., 117.

40. Henry B. Irving, A Book of Remarkable Criminals (London: Cassell, 1918), 310.

41. Ibid., 318.

42. Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime, 122.

43. Thorwald, Century of the Detective, 137.

44. Coincidentally, Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, about a bloodsucking vampire, was published in the year Vacher was caught.

45. “The Ripper Is Dead,” Iowa State Press, January 30, 1899, http://www.casebook.org/press_reports/iowa_state_press/990130.html.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Timothy B. Smith, “Assistance and Repression: Rural Exodus, Vagabondage, and Social Crisis in France, 1880–1914,” Journal of Social History 32, no. 4 (Summer 1999): 822.

49. Angus McLaren, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870–1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 160.

50. Matt K. Matsuda, The Memory of the Modern (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 141.

51. Jean Belin, Secrets of the Sûreté: The Memoirs of Commissioner Jean Belin (New York: Putnam’s, 1950), 7–8.

52. “Paris Slayer Wore Armored Sleeves,” New York Times, January 16, 1910.

53. Ibid.

54. James Morton, Gangland: The Early Years (London: Time Warner Paperbacks, 2004), 531.

55. Hans Gross (1847–1915) was an Austrian judge whose 1893 handbook for examining magistrates, police officials, etc., was a milestone in the field of criminalistics, the application of science to crime investigation.

56. Henry Morton Robinson, Science versus Crime (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), 201.

57. “Locard’s Exchange Principle,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locard’s_-exchange_principle.

CHAPTER FIVE: THE MAN WHO MEASURED PEOPLE

1. Jennifer Michael Hecht, The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 165.

2. Ibid., 148.

3. Ibid.

4. Jennifer Michael Hecht, “French Scientific Materialism and the Liturgy of Death: The Invention of a Secular Version of Catholic Last Rites (1876–1914),” French Historical Studies 20, no. 4 (Fall 1997): 709.

5. Ibid., 971.

6. He came up with the concept of the cephalic index — the breadth of the head above the ears expressed as a percentage of its length from forehead to back.

7. Brian Baker, “Darwin’s Gothic Science and Literature in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Literature and Science: Social Impact and Interaction, ed. John H. Cartwright and Brian Baker (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 212.

8. Fingerprinting was still in the future.

9. Henry T. F. Rhodes,